General and marginal utility. The law of diminishing marginal utility. Search results for \ "consumption limit \" Formation of an effective business environment for innovative development of the Khabarovsk Territory

Energy losses during the war years were colossal. The European part of the country experienced a shortage of electricity, because most of the energy equipment was exported to the Urals, Central Asia, etc., and the capacity was required, for example, for electrical fences. At the same time in the rear all the electricity was directed to the production of weapons and ammunition for the needs of the front.

In such an environment, electricity consumption limits were introduced for all enterprises. Strict consumption rates have also been set for educational institutions, hospitals and hospitals, theaters and cinemas, shops, government agencies.

Household load in cities was almost completely turned off. In a directive manner, all social and domestic needs of citizens were cut off. At night, the cities were ideally dark to comply with the blackout regime. Electricity supply to the population was limited to five kilowatt-hours per month per person. This limit would be enough for a modern apartment for two days, but people did not complain: the trouble was common.

The consumption rate was recorded in the limit sheet, drawn up for each meter. To meet the limit, residents used low-power bulbs; there was no question of turning on any heating devices.

Limiters were installed on the meters, which cut off the electricity when the load was exceeded. When the required kilowatts ran out, the electricity was turned off. I burned it in a week - sit without light until the end of the month.

Since there was a strict limit on electricity and it was often cut off, the townspeople lit their homes with homemade lamps - "smokehouses": they poured kerosene into a bottle, inserted a bent tin tube with a wick into it.

In conditions of colossal tension of all production facilities at many enterprises the established energy consumption limits were exceeded. As a result, the frequency of electric current in the Ural power system sometimes decreased to an unacceptable level of 42 Hz, which led to power equipment failures.

The problem of keeping the current frequency at the level of 50 Hz in the power system and ensuring its uninterrupted operation has become one of the main problems for the workers of the Ural OED. Thanks to their coordinated actions, as well as the timely adoption of government measures, this task of special importance was solved.

Only after the final commissioning of new and expansion of existing capacities did the situation begin to stabilize. For example, Sverdlovsk, where a huge share of the industry evacuated from the war zone was concentrated, by 1943 was removed from the subordination of the region under the direct subordination of the government of the RSFSR due to the special importance of the city. For Sverdlovsk, this status meant direct financing from Moscow of the city's utilities and a sharp increase in the limit of energy consumption for household needs.

Soon the new situation began to bear real fruit: in the same 1943, a trolleybus and several new tram lines appeared.

Biological needs are irreducible to one another and cannot be interchangeable.

Not complete satisfaction of any of social needs does not cause the death of the organism and can be "compensated" by the development of other needs of this type.

Biological needs are inherent in all living things, therefore not they determine the specificity of a person.

However, it was biological needs that gave rise to, brought to life the social needs inherent in humans.

The satisfaction of both biological and social needs of a person is subordinated to one goal - reproduction man, his survival on Earth.

Subordinated to this goal as functioning and development person.

Therefore, a person moves towards new, higher and more perfect forms of existence due to the constant expansion and enrichment of the system of his needs, i.e. happens elevation of needs .

Rise of needs- the most important characteristic of man and human society, which distinguishes it from animals. This is a general sociological law.

The law of exaltation of needs- the law of the development of society, expressing the growth and improvement of its needs with the development of productive forces and culture.

The progressive development of production and culture leads to an increase in the means and methods of satisfying human needs. Those consumer goods that only yesterday seemed like a luxury are becoming vital today.

So today it is difficult to imagine how people could do without a telephone or refrigerator, without a TV or computer.

The time interval between the invention of new means of satisfying the needs of modern man and the introduction of these means into mass production is rapidly decreasing.

So, for example, it took 112 years to introduce photography, 56 years for a telephone, 12 years for television, and solar panels were introduced 2 years later.

Man subduing himself wildlife his own will, did not immediately realize that he should be zealous owner that stocks of natural resources limited and often irreplaceable .

Rational nature management is significant, first of all, for the person.

Therefore, humanity was forced to look for an answer to the question of necessary and acceptable consumption rate.

It is very difficult to determine the measure of consumption, as Hegel wrote, “there is no way to establish the boundaries of what should be a need; new means are being discovered to satisfy needs, and thus there is a need for new means. "

How to find a harmonious balance between a progressive increase in needs and a decrease in the impact on the biosphere from consuming humanity? And how not to go to extremes at the same time?

According to legend, he lived in a barrel, trying to convince others that a person can be happy only when he reduces his needs to a natural minimum. But the legend says that he himself found it difficult to clearly distinguish between natural and imagined needs. “Diogenes had a drinking mug. But when he saw that some person was drinking from his hand, he threw away the mug, "Hegel wrote.

What are the limits of the necessary and permissible measure of consumption?

There is no single, once and for all correct answer to this question. In each specific case, it is necessary to determine minimum and maximum consumption limits .

Minimum limit- consumption of an individual or human society should ensure its own normal reproduction and development (necessary measure of consumption) ;

Maximum limit- human consumption should not contradict the normal functioning and development of the biosphere, of which he himself is (permissible measure of consumption) .

Every individual and society as a whole must follow principle of "reasonable sufficiency" in consumption.

The challenge is to put consumption in its rightful place among other sources of personal satisfaction and find a way to live in accordance with the capabilities of the Earth.

Resource planning management methods are reduced to methods that allow optimal planning of demand and resource allocation between jobs (see Chapter 13).

In fig. 17.4.1 shows the resource planning process.

Rice. 17.4.1. Example Resource Planning Process

There may be situations where the resources assigned to a particular job are the main factor in determining when it starts and ends. In this case, the resources have their own resource calendars, according to which the work is carried out.

When assigning limited resources to works, it is necessary to take into account their limits of consumption, which in the future will allow an analysis of the profiles of their use. Existing network scheduling software products support one to two consumption limits: normal and maximum. The normal consumption limit characterizes the amount of resource that can be provided to perform work under normal conditions per unit of time (for example, for an employee it is 8 people / hours per day). The maximum consumption limit characterizes the amount of resource use per unit of time that can be provided with additional costs (10-12 people / hours per day) (Fig. 17.4.2).

Fig 17.4.2. Resource consumption limits

When analyzing the profiles of the use of limited resources, the correspondence between the limits of their consumption (ability) and the need to perform work is determined. In a number of cases, a resource conflict arises when the demand for a resource exceeds its maximum consumption limit (for example, simultaneously performed work uses the same resource (Fig. 17.4.3).

Rice, 17.4.3. An example of a resource conflict

To optimize the allocation of resources and, in particular, the resolution resource conflicts, alignment methods are used that take into account the limits of resource consumption and allow you to use them most efficiently. Resource leveling eliminates peaks in resource utilization and sets the level of resource utilization below the maximum limit, shifting the execution of some work to later dates (Figure 17.4.4).

Typically, the following are used alignment methods:

normal - work is planned at a later date due to the reserve of time until the required amount of resource appears;

splitting - the work is divided into several parts, each of which requires the required amount of resources;

stretching - reducing the intensity of resource use by increasing the duration of work;

compression - in case of excess resource - reduction of the duration of the work by increasing the intensity of resource use.

Rice. 17.4.4. Resource leveling example

17.5. Structure and scope of work

Under structure of work the following operating parameters are implied:

identifier- a unique code that uniquely identifies the work in the project;

description - a brief description used in the network diagram (graphic) of the project. Usually describes the essence of the work;

original duration (duration). An estimate of the time (in hours, days, weeks, months, years) required to complete the work, taking into account its nature and the resources required. The estimate of the duration of the work is influenced by time constraints, assumptions about the need for labor resources, their qualifications and experience in previous projects (project fragments). The main methods for estimating the duration of work are:

expert review;

peer-to-peer valuation, also called top-down valuation, involves using the actual duration of previous work as a basis for estimating the duration of similar work in the future. This method is often used when estimating the duration of a project with a limited amount of detailed information, for example in the early stages. This assessment is most reliable when the projects are of the same type and the evaluators have the necessary experience;

imitation (modeling). Simulation is the calculation of duration under different sets of assumptions. The most common Monte Carlo analysis, in which the distribution of possible outcomes is determined for each job and is used as a calculation of the distribution of possible outcomes for the project as a whole;

percentage of completion- the share of the completed part of the work in percent (4);

remaining duration for the work performed. Calculated either based on percentage of completion or by assessment;

calendar- a list of working and non-working periods adopted for the performance of work in the project;

early start and end, late start and end;

time reserves- free and complete. The free reserve determines the time for which the execution of work can be delayed without changing the early start of all subsequent work. Full reserve determines the time for which work can be delayed without changing the duration or timing of the completion of the entire project. Defined as the difference between late and early completion of work

actual start and end- actual start and end dates of work;

prior work - work on which the deadlines depend of this work which is technologically (logically) preceding it;

follow-up work- work, the timing of which depends on the performance of this work, technologically (logically) following the given one.

The main methods for determining the sequence of work are:

restrictions - characterize external or internal conditions in relation to project work affecting the timing of their implementation. For example, you need to report on the financial activities of an enterprise no later than a known date, etc .;

CPP code - a code that determines which work package within the framework of the CPP this work belongs to;

resources - equipment, materials, human resources required to carry out the work;

costs / budget - the cost of work, expressed in monetary terms.

17.6. Principles of effective time management

Management principles- general patterns within which connections (relations) are realized between various structures (elements) of the management system.

Effective time management is linked to achieving performance results. The results-based activity framework (Figure 17.6.1) is an important tool for implementing results-based management. The results-oriented scheme of activities differs from the traditional one - with a focus on the task. It covers a one-year period and is compiled for each reporting period by setting new targets.

The schema is linked to all stages of results-based management. This is part of the results definition process - it is used continuously in the results monitoring process, in which the performance results in the past reporting period are assessed and new ultimate performance goals are set. The most important link in the scheme from the point of view of management individual work and the use of time is to identify key performance results in the coming reporting period. Key results are identified individually, in order of importance and with an assessment of their mutual impact. Based on the key results, a personal activity plan and a work schedule for the coming year (annual time allocation) are drawn up.

Based on the annual work plan, the time is allocated monthly and weekly for the coming months and weeks, and within the week, an accurate plan is drawn up for each working day.

Rice. 17.6.1. Management system for own activities and use of time

In the course of carrying out activities in certain time intervals, the results obtained and the use of time are monitored. Based on these assessments, a plan is drawn up to improve performance and time use, both in the short term and throughout the year. In addition, it is recommended that the Own Activities and Time Use Management (IDM) system conduct a time use analysis at least once a year, based on a 2 to 3 week period. This will provide additional assistance in time management.

For each key result, goals are clearly defined, the time required to achieve them and methods of monitoring this process. There is a big loss of time due to the fact that the goals of the project either do not exist, or are not clearly formulated or unattainable. The goals determine the direction of the project development and work execution. Clearly and clearly defined goals become the standard used to work out individual goals and work to achieve them.

Key results targets can be quantitative, qualitative, and time-bound. They need to be compared with the current situation, if such exists for this purpose (Table 17.6.1).

Table 17.6.1

An example of defining goals

I want to ask you a question: imagine that a fortune has fallen on your head, how much can you spend per month, maximum?

An important condition is that you need to spend money exclusively on yourself. For example, the best resorts and hotels, the best restaurants, the best entertainment, best clothes, best food... Only what you can "consume" in a month. You only need the cost of yourself a loved one.

Business expenses, large purchases such as yachts, apartments, houses, various contributions, assistance to relatives, charity, etc. do not count.

I was able to interview about a dozen of my acquaintances, of those who do not live "from paycheck to paycheck." I asked how much they managed to spend on themselves when they were in their best financial shape, at the peak of their physical capabilities and maximum desires.

I added my modest experience to this and that's what happened - it's hard to spend more than $ 20k per month on yourself. Yes, a couple of people admitted to me that they managed to spend under $ 100k a month, but these were peaks of extreme workload and superhuman willpower. As a result, they still slipped to a more moderate consumption - $ 10-20k per month. Weaklings.

Perhaps I'll make someone angry with this post, they say, in our country average salary$ 500. But I just want to show that the limit of consumption is not as far as it seems. It is quite easy to achieve by both small business owners and employed people. $ 10-20k monthly salary of a top manager in some bank, a project manager in the Big Four, a programmer in Google, etc.

And the main idea - once reaching the limit of consumption, you begin to understand that happiness from this no longer becomes. Imagine, you go to Aliexpress on the 11.11 sale day and you can't buy anything - you don't need anything, nothing clings, everything is there, there is nowhere to put.

Therefore, today in the heading we will talk about ways of saving. Is it possible, with reasonable savings, to live on $ 1-2k per month, while feeling that you are living absolutely fully and efficiently, practically "at the limit of consumption", and not "like a rogue."

So, here are the main ways of sensible savings without complexes, for desperate housewives (add your ideas in the comments):

1. Food. Everyone has already realized that the healthiest food is very cheap. Cereals, sauerkraut, etc. You switch to a healthy diet, get in shape, lose weight, and even save money. Solid pluses.

My grandmother told me that in the 40s after the war she lived in a hostel with 3 friends. Friends spent money mainly on food, and my grandmother managed to save even on food and saved money for a beautiful dress. So she married her grandfather. So that you understand the scale of the competition: the grandfather was a handsome man who had just returned from the war to a town where there was a maximum of 1 guy for every 10 girls.

2. Alcohol, cigarettes, coffee, tea. The refusal of all this can be easily justified by the transition to a healthy diet. You just start drinking water. You feel even better.

3. Travel. Having visited many countries, you easily come to the conclusion "No matter how beautiful Shiraz is, it is no better than Ryazan's expanse." There are many imposed advertisements, such as that you must "see Paris and die" or must get "to St. Petersburg for white nights." This thing works for newbies. Experienced travelers will confirm - there is nothing better than gathering with friends in the kitchen.

Well, if you travel, then again better company, and going to visit someone, and not just "see the city", is many times more interesting and cheaper than on vouchers.

4. Shopping. There is only one win-win strategy: best discount Is not to buy too much. Any other games with bonuses, discounts, etc. are aimed at increasing your spending.

5. Children. Up to 3 years old, the child does not really understand what they bought him, so you can safely buy used or take from friends. And they are pleased with your savings. Costs are worth converting into investments. If you are sent to English courses, let him work as a tutor for younger children. Developing entrepreneurship, again.

6. Credit Cards and Credit Purchases - Obviously, let's just say no. And if they did, then keep in the same currency in which the incomes and extinguish at the earliest opportunity. It is better to drive yourself into restrictions that household loans and credits are not available to you, in principle, you will quickly find ways to earn more.

7. Mortgages. If it is extinguished from someone's rent payments - then OK, otherwise - not. It is better to rent an apartment 5 minutes from work than to live in your own, 2 hours away in traffic jams.

8. Education. Whatever one may say, the best education is self-education. There would be a laptop and Internet access (but it's better not to save on this - it's an investment).

9. Auto. Moscow has excellent public transport and car sharing.

10. Save 10% of all income for a rainy day. This is for peace of mind.

And of course not to be included in the game "we have no worse than our neighbors." Less apartment, less car, less stuff - less mess, less electricity bills, fewer problems.

It is much easier to save when you think not “from need”, but from the fact that you have reached the “limit of consumption” (at least mentally, especially since the limit of consumption is not as far as it might seem) In this state, you understand: yes, you are all this you can afford it, you just don't really need it.

How do you save? Write basic approaches in

In fact, it is not such a simple matter - Understanding the Essence of Things. It requires spiritual effort, which sometimes crosses our understanding of almost everything. But it is impossible to judge otherwise about the fundamental issues of our social life in the same way as reading a newspaper knowing only five letters from the alphabet.
The physiological limit of consumption is the First Social Establishment that the state is obliged to make for its citizens. And only on the basis of social expediency, since there is simply no other. Moreover, in our current period - the heyday of boundless intelligence, which means - the decline of the Economy of Consumption. However, there is nothing like this in any country. The natural desire of a person to stand out among everyone often creates such a possessive chaos that both laws and order are bought.
Strange as it may seem for your Understanding, dear reader, but still try to realize this simple truth of Social Being:

Absolutely everything that a person creates and uses with his Life Labor, everything that he controls, as well as he himself as a physical object, is only the result of collective Perception and nothing else.

Only for the mind such Understanding is unreal. It can be formed only from the Perception of the indissoluble unity of oneself and all the people around. No “I” without “WE” exists anywhere. Therefore, the essence of enrichment beyond the conceivable physiological limit is "strange efforts to create the Illusion of Oneself over a poor Spirit."
In a "correctly tuned" country, there can be no talk of any personal or private "property" at all. Every person can be anywhere, use anything, create everything, manage everything. But he cannot own anything except his own body.

When the Head of the country connives at billions of dollars in savings from a few citizens, this only means that he does not have the Knowledge of the Way of State Development and the concept of HARMONY. And democracy is one of the pillars here. Because, in essence, there is no democracy. This is the fiction of idiots striving to OWN without having any Life circumstances other than the mind. Consciousness has a clear chain of command. Only he is able to Govern, who has PASSED THE WAY and has KNOWLEDGE. (... this is a long topic. Remember, for example, the Roerichs "Parting words to the leader": "The leader stands on a mountain that has no descent ...")

The Age of Consumption and the boundless revelry of speculation should be gradually replaced by the Age of Development and Perception. The place of the mind is only in geometric orientation in the Earthly Nature. There is no way to describe the amazing state of Perception. Today it is being replaced by emotions. And the existing "economy" is the main reason for any conflicts. We destroy each other with "emotional wars", the mud of which is pouring around. Find at least one movie or work of fiction, in the basis of the plot of which there would be no struggle for money.
You can discuss this topic a lot, but we will restrict ourselves to what has been said, quite obvious for a developed consciousness. And we are all already developed people. I am deeply convinced of this.