This dissertation research belongs to a series of anthropocentric works in linguistics and is devoted to the linguocultural and sociolinguistic problem of studying irony and sarcasm as a means of reflecting the moral and ethical values ​​of British society.

The second half of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century were marked by the full recognition of the anthropocentric paradigm as a priority in all humanities: philosophy, linguistics, psychology, etc. One of the leading postulates of the science of language is the recognition of the need to include a person in the focus of scientific research. This dissertation research, which has an undoubted anthropocentric orientation, is directed to the problems of cultural linguistics and sociolinguistics, the focus of which is on the communicative behavior of a person. Thus, British communicative behavior is characterized, as a rule, by an ironic and sarcastic attitude towards the surrounding reality. Monographs and scientific works of foreign and domestic linguists, sociologists and culturologists: E. Benveniste, A. Vezhbitskaya, V. Humboldt, E. Sapir, B. Whorf, K. Vossler, M Heidegger, Yu.D. Apresyan, S.G. Vorkacheva, Yu.N. Karaulova, E.M. Vereshchagin, V.G. Kostomarova, D.S. Likhacheva, Yu.M. Lotman, A.A. Potebni and others.

Linguoculturological and sociolinguistic scientific works are devoted to the consideration of the speech-linguistic features of the transfer of extralinguistic knowledge of a person about a person and the world around him. Subjective knowledge gives ideas about the inner world of a person, about his communicative behavior, in which this world is reflected.

Communicative behavior, characterized by an ironic or sarcastic attitude of a particular person to the world around him, most fully reveals the personality traits of his character and provides information about speech and language "predilections" and preferences.

Note that for Lately a number of works devoted to the study of irony appeared [Bryukhanova, 2004; Limarev, 1997; Mukhina, 2006; Orlov, 2005; Palkevich, 2001; Sergienko 1995; Usmanov 1995; et al.], and a smaller number of works in which sarcasm is investigated to one degree or another [Volkova, 2005, etc.]. This is explained by the fact that sarcasm is more personified and individual, as it indicates a very high degree of criticality of the linguistic personality. Such criticality is based on the feeling of complete dissatisfaction and disappointment of a person in the world around him and in people. Sarcasm is a psychologically conditioned form of caustic and bilious irony. Taking into account the linguo-emotional aspect of the linguistic personality [Zhirova, 2012], it can be argued that almost any ironic statement can be close to the pole of sarcasm.

This dissertation research seems to be very relevant due to the fact that irony and sarcasm are widely represented in British linguistic culture, however, linguistic and extralinguistic knowledge about these speech-linguistic means has not been sufficiently studied in anthropologically oriented linguistics. So, the question of evaluative linguistic means, which include irony and sarcasm, acquires special significance and needs to be clarified. In this case, it is necessary to take into account the parameters of both linguistic and extralinguistic nature. This dissertation research also reveals itself to be very relevant due to insufficient study of certain aspects of the semantics of irony and sarcasm, which function as a means of transmitting subjective-evaluative modality.

Language is the most important constituent component of a person. The scientific interest of the work lies not only and not so much in expanding the theoretical-practical and practical-methodological base for studying the implementation of irony and sarcasm on different levels language, but mainly in the study of how irony and sarcasm constitute the moral and ethical values ​​of a certain linguistic community, in particular - the British society. In this regard, the scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that for the first time value as a linguocultural concept is considered as the basis for the study of the linguistic mentality of the people. For the first time, irony and sarcasm are presented as a means of reflecting the moral and ethical values ​​of the British society. New is the linguocultural approach to the analysis of irony and sarcasm, which allows one to present the moral and ethical values ​​of the British linguistic community.

The object of the research is the speech-linguistic means of irony and sarcasm presented in the works of modern British fiction. The subject of the research is the peculiarities of the use of irony and sarcasm as a means of reflecting the moral and ethical values ​​of the British society.

The purpose of the work is dictated by scientific and social requirements and is defined as a systematic understanding of the linguocultural speech-language means of irony and sarcasm from the standpoint of revealing the moral and ethical values ​​of British society. The purpose of the work determines the formulation and solution of specific tasks:

1) consider the linguo-philosophical and linguocultural aspects of the category of value in language and speech, and also reveal the axiological essence of irony and sarcasm as a specificity of communicative behavior;

2) highlight and describe the semantic structure of an ironic / sarcastic statement;

3) analyze the anthropological characteristics of the communicative personality of the Briton and establish the specifics of his ironic and sarcastic communicative behavior;

4) describe the pragmatic component of irony and sarcasm;

5) consider the implementation of irony and sarcasm at the lexical, syntactic and textual levels of the language;

6) to present the features of perception and evaluation of a subjective-evaluative statement.

The formulated goals and objectives are based on methodological provisions: first, on the importance of irony and sarcasm in the communicative behavior of a Briton; secondly, about the level of perception and impact of an ironic or sarcastic statement, as well as the response to such statements; thirdly, about the moral and ethical value of an ironic or sarcastic statement in British society; fourthly, on the recognition that in a certain society, cultural differences are based on the preference of one cultural dominant over others.

The methodological basis of the work was the work of domestic and foreign scientists in the field of cultural linguistics (Y.D. Apresyan, A.D. Arutyunova, E.M. Vereshchagin, V.G. Kostomarov, S.G. Vorkachev, Yu.N. Karaulov, V.V. Krasnykh, D.S.Likhachev, Yu.M. Lotman, V.A.Maslova, AA Potebnya, Yu.S. Stepanov, V.N. Telia, E. Benveniste, I.A.Baudouin de Courtenay , A. Vezhbitskaya, V. Humboldt, E. Sapir, B. Wharf and others); sociolinguistics (V.A. Avrorin, L. B. Nikolsky, G. V. Stepanov, A. D. Schweitzer, R. T. Bell, S. M. Archer

1991], W. Bright, K. Burke, J.L. Firth, E.T. Hall, R. Kjolseth, B. Malinowski, K.L. Pike, etc.); linguistics (L.I.Borisova, N.G. Epifantseva, I.G. Zhirova, V.D. Ivshin, I.G. Koshevaya, E.L. Kuzmenko, AA Lebedeva, M.N. Levchenko, Yu.N. Marchuk, M. G. Mirianashvili, L. L. Nelyubin, A. Olyanich, V. V. Oshchepkova, L. K. Sviridova, E. V. Sidorov, L. A. Telegin, G. T. Khukhuni, E. G. Chalkova, S. Attardo, N. Chomsky, LR. Galperin, HP Grice and others).

The material for the study was the works of contemporary British fiction (D. Lodge, T. Sharpe), dictionaries and reference books, scientific texts and reviews of domestic and foreign linguists, sociologists, cultural scientists, psychologists, including those published on the global Internet. The analyzed illustrated material was about 3000 pages. They most clearly show the moral and ethical values ​​of the British society, represented by ironic and sarcastic statements.

The formulated goals and objectives are based on the methodological position on the dialectical relationship of language, cognition and culture, their mutual conditioning. It, in turn, led to the use of a complex technique for the selection and subsequent processing of material in accordance with the tasks of the study, which included a number of methods. The general methods used include: a) component analysis (when examining the content plan of significant linguistic units); b) textual and contextual analysis (revealing the deep semantic plan of linguistic units). The systematic and integrative approaches to language and culture were applied (study of the parameters of linguistic and extralinguistic linguistic units).

The theoretical significance of the research lies in the fact that, firstly, against the background of a general interest in cultural linguistics and sociolinguistics, the research contributes to the study of anthropologically oriented speech-language means; secondly, it supplements the information about irony and sarcasm existing in linguistic literature; thirdly, it expands knowledge about the communicative behavior of the British language personality.

The practical value of the work lies in the fact that its main provisions and conclusions can be used in the preparation and development of seminars and lectures, special courses in text theory, cultural linguistics, socioanthropology, sociolinguistics, communicative linguistics, pragmalinguistics, stylistics; when writing term papers, graduation qualification works and master's theses. In addition, the data obtained in the course of the study can be applied in practical exercises in the course verbal communication and the theory of intercultural communication.

Provisions for Defense:

1. Irony and sarcasm reflect cultural dominants and moral and ethical values ​​in the British linguistic community.

2. Irony and sarcasm are independent forms of a special kind of comic attitude to the surrounding reality. They are characterized by a high intellectual and status level of such an attitude towards the world around them.

3. Irony and sarcasm in structure artistic text carry an open and hidden (veiled) semantic load, which is different from any other kind of comic (joke, anecdote), since they allow a linguistic person to represent himself as authentically as possible through these speech-linguistic means.

4. Irony and sarcasm are represented by a wide range of lexical and stylistic means at all levels of the language, which undoubtedly increases the potential of text information and enhances the anthropocentric orientation of the text.

5. Irony and sarcasm reflect moral and ethical values ​​in the language, since their semantic basis is the subjective-evaluative modality, which shows the subjective attitude of a particular person to the world around him.

6. Irony and sarcasm reflect a certain worldview and worldview of a particular person. Irony and sarcasm in the British society are perceived positively and find the broadest possible embodiment in the everyday life of a Briton, which is recorded in the texts of modern fiction. This allows us to attribute them to a special form of mastering the surrounding reality by the British.

Approbation of work. The content of the dissertation work and the results of the research were discussed at the meetings of the Department of Indo-European and Oriental Languages ​​of the ILiMK MGOU: (2009 - 2012); reported at the scientific theoretical conferences of the Institute for Mathematics and Mathematics of the Moscow State University of Education, devoted to linguistic problems: "Translation and Cognitology in the XXI Century" (2010), "Linguistic Aspects of Intercultural Communication" (2010); were tested in the classroom with students in modern English in the framework of practical training in intercultural communication in the 4th year, as well as lectures and seminars in linguo-cognitology in the 5th year of the linguistic faculty of ILiMK MGOU.

The dissertation materials are reflected in 7 publications with a total volume of about 2 pp, including one article published in a publication recommended by the Higher Attestation Commission of the Russian Federation.

Terminology. Key terms of scientific work (value judgment, subjective-evaluative modality, value, value-semantic space, mental-lingual complex, communicative behavior, etc.) are explained in the relevant sections of the dissertation research.

The structure of the thesis. The dissertation consists of an introduction, introductory remarks and tasks in three chapters, three chapters, conclusions by chapters, conclusions, a list of scientific literature, dictionaries and reference books, a list of empirical research material.

CONCLUSIONS ON THE THIRD CHAPTER

The main task of the third chapter is to consider the most significant linguo-stylistic features of such linguoculturological phenomena as irony and sarcasm. The linguistic approach to the study of irony and sarcasm has made it possible to explore the nature of the comic in the UK's laugh culture. The main findings for the chapter are as follows:

1. The comic in the culture of laughter is the property of the author's consciousness, reflecting the national and cultural specifics of the country. It is conditioned by social contradictions, its value lies in exposure and criticism. The character of a person is revealed in what he finds funny. Irony and sarcasm as elements of the comic are critical, analytical and intellectual in nature, but sarcasm is more effective in terms of pragmatic impact, since it is able to express stronger emotions of the addressee.

2. Irony and sarcasm as linguistic phenomena can be classified in many ways. So, in linguistics, the irony / sarcasm of the situation and the verbal irony / sarcasm are distinguished; open, hidden and personal; impersonal and self-irony; situational and associative.

3. Irony and sarcasm are realized in the text at the lexical level. Lexical models of their implementation are correlated with each other. Ironic or sarcastic meaning can be represented through a) the interaction of the dictionary and contextual meanings of the word; b) vocabulary fixed phraseological units; c) the implementation of two lexical and semantic variants of a polysemantic word.

4. Irony and sarcasm are realized in the text at the syntactic level. So, an ironic or sarcastic effect is explicated through transpositions: a negative form of a sentence in an affirmative, exclamatory sentences. The explicit tonality of the syntactic structure indicates a high degree of contextuality of an ironic or sarcastic statement.

5. The ironic or sarcastic meaning is realized at the textual level, which presupposes knowledge of the broadest possible context.

6. The contextual conditioning of irony and sarcasm increases from the lexical level to the textual one. Ironic and sarcastic statements are evaluative, for the interpretation of which the textual pressure position presupposes knowledge of the text. Press position underlies the formation of the communicative competencies of the addressee and the addressee.

CONCLUSION

This thesis presents an anthropocentric study of irony and sarcasm based on the material of contemporary British fiction. Irony and sarcasm play a special role in the communication behavior of the British. The work was carried out within the framework of a relatively new direction of linguistics - linguoculturology, taking into account the linguistic and sociolinguistic aspects of their research. The appeal to irony and sarcasm as a means of reflecting the moral and ethical values ​​of the British society indicates the need for a comprehensive and multifaceted consideration of the object under study.

The linguocultural approach seems to us to be very productive, since it involves an appeal to the communicative behavior of not only an individual, but also the nation as a whole.

Due to the low level of elaboration of this issue in modern linguistics and the exceptional difficulty in identifying the nature and role of irony and sarcasm, we have undertaken its multilateral consideration: linguocultural, sociolinguistic and linguistic. The issues of the status of irony and sarcasm in the science of language have been of interest to scholars and thinkers dealing with the problems of linguistics, philosophy, cultural studies and sociology for many centuries.

Our study of these linguistic phenomena has shown that they represent a wide field for the scientific development of new approaches to the object of research within the framework of cultural linguistics. Considerable material accumulated in stylistics and literary criticism in the field of the study of irony and sarcasm, as well as their "representation" in a literary text, seems to us to be a relatively small part of predicted knowledge. Expanding the area of ​​their linguistic research, we attempted to build an integral system of propositions indicating their special place (status) in the science of language. Irony and sarcasm as linguistic and cultural phenomena (elements of laughter culture), of course, reflect the moral and ethical values ​​of British society. These linguistic phenomena indicate the dominance of some of the communicative and cultural values ​​of the British. Of course, we took into account that scientific approaches, points of view, as well as factual material containing irony and sarcasm, could be scientifically, including linguistically, systematized and described.

The paper presents a system for describing such speech-linguistic phenomena as irony and sarcasm, which are of particular value for representatives of a certain ethnic group (in our case, the British) and corresponding to parallel systems of cultural studies and sociology. Thus, our study of irony and sarcasm showed that such an approach is potentially productive, since it is aimed at the depth of comprehension of the human essence, sometimes expressed in ironic or sarcastic behavior. The mechanisms for describing irony and sarcasm can be extrapolated to systems for describing similar and / or more extensive semantic structures, in particular, the linguistic picture of the comic presented in the laughter culture of any country.

The dissertation attempts to substantiate some possible ways representations of irony and sarcasm as a certain way of perception of the world. The anthropocentric orientations of the socio- and linguoculturological plan of irony and sarcasm are manifested very strongly in contemporary British fiction. So, at present, many British writers widely use these speech-linguistic means in their works.

V scientific work we connected the classical linguistic tradition (V.V. Vinogradov, I.R. New scientific linguistic ideas about a person "grow" out of traditional linguistics, which pays close attention to the literary text. Because of this, our research is based on the main provisions of classical linguistics.

Having undertaken a comprehensive description of the linguocultural phenomena of irony and sarcasm, we obtained the results, on the basis of which the linguocultural picture of their "representation" in the laughter culture of Great Britain is modeled. The analysis of irony and sarcasm in a literary text made it possible to describe them not only statically, but also in dynamics.

The main difficulty in describing irony and sarcasm as a means of reflecting the moral and ethical values ​​of British society is that the breadth and complexity of the explication of their representational means in language and speech is very great. So, sometimes irony and sarcasm can be revealed as a result of familiarization not with individual elements of the text, but with the full text of the novel.

The dissertation research revealed the pragmatic potential of these speech and language tools, which made it possible to fully represent the communicative functions of irony and sarcasm.

However, our research does not put an end to the study of this problem. In the process of working on the dissertation, new questions have emerged that require their resolution and further processing: a) consideration of the psycholinguistic role of irony and sarcasm in the formation of the worldview guidelines of a particular person; b) the study of irony and sarcasm in pragmalinguistics, psycholinguistics, etc. Thus, these and other problems constitute the prospect of their further research.

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