Foundation of legal and regulatory technical. Fund of normative documents on standardization. Standardization and standards. General information
In the process of standardization, norms, rules, requirements, characteristics concerning the object of standardization are developed, which are drawn up in the form of a normative document.
Consider the varieties normative documents, which are recommended by ISO / IEC Guide 2, as well as those adopted in the state standardization system of the Russian Federation. ISO / IEC Guide recommends: standards, documents technical conditions, sets of rules, regulations (technical regulations), provisions.
A standard is a consensus normative document approved by a recognized body aimed at achieving the optimum degree of harmonization in a specific area. The standard establishes for general and repeated use general principles, rules, characteristics concerning different types activities or their results. The standard should be based on generalized results scientific research, technical advances and practical experience, then its use will bring optimal benefits to society.
A preliminary standard is a temporary document that is adopted by the standards body and communicated to a wide range of potential customers, as well as those who may apply it. The information obtained through the use of the preliminary standard and the feedback on this document serve as a basis for deciding whether to adopt the standard.
Standards are international, regional, national, administrative-territorial. They are adopted, respectively, by international, regional, national, territorial standardization bodies. All of these categories of standards are intended for a wide range of consumers. According to the existing standards of standardization, standards are periodically revised to make changes so that their requirements correspond to the level of scientific and technological progress, or, according to ISO / IEC terminology, the standards should be "recognized technical rules". A normative document, including a standard, is considered recognized technical rule if developed in cooperation with stakeholders through consultation and consensus.
The above categories of standards are called publicly available. Other categories of standards, such as proprietary or industry-specific, but not being such, can, however, be used in several countries according to the existing legal norms there.
In the textbook, the standard is considered as one of the varieties of normative documents. However, in practice, the term "standard" can be used in relation to a standard, sample or description of a product, process (service). In essence, this is not a fundamental error, although it is more correct to refer the standard to the field of metrology, and the term "standard" to be used in relation to a normative document.
A technical specification document specifies technical requirements to products, services, processes. Typically, a specification document should specify the methods or procedures that should be used to verify compliance with the requirements of this regulatory document in situations where it is needed.
The set of rules, like the previous normative document, can be an independent standard or an independent document, as well as part of the standard. The code of practice is usually developed for the design processes, installation of equipment and structures, Maintenance or operation of objects, structures, products. Technical rules contained in the document are advisory in nature.
All of the above regulatory documents are advisory. In contrast, regulations are mandatory.
A regulation is a document that contains binding legal provisions. The regulation is adopted by an authority, and not by a standardization body, as in the case of other regulatory documents. A variety of regulations - technical regulations - contains technical requirements for the object of standardization. They can be presented directly in this document itself or by reference to another normative document (standard, technical specification document, set of rules). In some cases, a normative document is fully included in the technical regulation. Technical regulations are usually supplemented with methodological documents, as a rule, with instructions on methods of control or verification of the compliance of a product (service, process) with the requirements of the regulation.
ISO / IEC Guide 2, summarizing international experience in standardization, presents the following possible types standards.
A fundamental standard is a normative document that contains general or guidelines for a specific area. It is usually used either as a standard or as a guidance document from which other standards can be developed. A terminological standard in which terms are the object of standardization. Such a standard contains the definition (interpretation) of the term, examples of its application, etc.
The standard for test methods establishes the methods, rules, procedures for various tests and related actions (for example, taking a sample or sample).
A product standard, which contains product requirements that ensure product conformity for its intended purpose, may be complete or incomplete. The complete standard sets not only the above requirements, but also the rules for sampling, testing, packaging, labeling, storage, etc. An incomplete standard contains part of the requirements for products (only for quality parameters, only for delivery rules, etc.) ...
A standard for a process, a standard for a service are normative documents in which the object of standardization is a process (for example, production technology), a service (for example, a car service, transport, banking, etc.)
The compatibility standard establishes the requirements for the compatibility of the product as a whole, as well as its individual parts (parts, assemblies). Such a standard can be developed for the system as a whole, for example, an air cleaning system, an alarm system, etc.
Provisions can be methodical or descriptive.
Methodological provisions are a methodology, a way of implementing a process, a particular operation, etc., with the help of which it is possible to achieve compliance with the requirements of a regulatory document. You can call a regulatory document containing such a provision, a "methodological standard".
A descriptive statement usually contains a description of the design, design details, composition of raw materials, dimensions of parts and parts of the product (design). In addition, a normative document may contain an operational provision that describes the "behavior" of the standardized object during its use (application, operation).
A standard with open values. In some situations, this or that norm (or the quantitative value of a particular requirement) is determined by manufacturers (suppliers), in others - by consumers. Therefore, the standard may contain a list of characteristics that are specified in the contractual relationship.
The Russian system of standardization, of course, relies on international experience, is close to international rules, norms and practice of standardization, but it also has rich domestic experience and its own characteristics, which, however, do not contradict the above. Therefore, it is advisable to consider the types of regulatory documents in force in the Russian Federation.
Normative documents on standardization in the Russian Federation are established by the Law of the Russian Federation "On Standardization". These include:
State standards Russian Federation(GOST R);
international and regional standards applied in accordance with legal norms, as well as rules, norms and recommendations for standardization;
all-Russian classifiers of technical and economic information;
industry standards;
enterprise standards;
standards of scientific and technical, engineering societies and other public associations.
Until now, the standards of the USSR are also in effect, if they do not contradict the legislation of the Russian Federation. In addition to standards, normative documents are also PR - rules for standardization, R - recommendations for standardization and TU - technical conditions. A special requirement is imposed on regulatory documents for products that, according to Russian legislation, are subject to mandatory certification. They should indicate those requirements for the product (service), which are confirmed through certification, as well as the control (test) methods that should be used to establish compliance, the rules for labeling such products and the types of accompanying documentation.
Consider the content of Russian regulations.
State standards are developed for products, works and services, the needs of which are of a cross-sectoral nature. The standards of this category are accepted by the State Standard of Russia, and if they relate to the field of construction, architecture, industry building materials- Gosstroy of Russia.
State standards contain both mandatory and recommendatory requirements for the standardization object.
The mandatory ones include: the safety of a product, service, process for human health, the environment, property, as well as industrial safety and sanitary standards; technical and informational compatibility and interchangeability of products; unity of control methods and unity of labeling. Safety requirements are of particular relevance, since product safety is the main aspect of conformity certification. Mandatory requirements must be observed by government authorities and all business entities, regardless of their form of ownership.
The safety requirements in the standards include: electrical safety, fire safety, explosion safety, radiation safety, maximum permissible concentrations of chemical and pollutants; safety in the maintenance of machinery and equipment; requirements for protective equipment and safety measures (fences, machine travel stops, blocking devices, alarms, etc.).
In standards for certain types products can be given characteristics such as hazard class; permissible levels of hazardous and harmful factors production arising from the operation of equipment; the effect of a substance on a person, etc.
The standards indicate all types and norms of the permissible hazard of a particular product or group of homogeneous products. They are designed with the expectation of the safety of the standardized object throughout the entire period of its use (service life).
The customer and the contractor are obliged to include in the agreement conditions on the compliance of the subject of the agreement with the mandatory requirements of state standards.
Other requirements of state standards can be recognized as mandatory in contractual situations or if there is a corresponding indication in the technical documentation of the manufacturer (supplier) of the product, as well as the service provider. These requirements include the main consumer (operational) characteristics of products and methods of their control; requirements for packaging, transportation, storage and disposal of the product; rules and regulations concerning development, production and operation; rules for drawing up technical documentation, metrological rules and norms, etc.
Compliance with the mandatory requirements is confirmed by tests according to the rules and procedures for mandatory certification. Compliance of a product (service) with other requirements can be confirmed in accordance with the legislative provisions on voluntary certification.
In some cases, if it is appropriate and necessary to ensure a higher level of competitiveness of domestic goods, the standards may establish forward-looking (preliminary) requirements that outstrip the capabilities of traditional technologies. This, on the one hand, does not contradict the above provision on preliminary standards, on the other hand, it serves as an incentive for the introduction of new, advanced technological processes at domestic enterprises.
Industry standards are developed for the products of a specific industry. Their requirements should not contradict the mandatory requirements of state standards, as well as the rules and safety standards established for the industry. Such standards are adopted by state authorities (for example, ministries), which are responsible for the compliance of the requirements of industry standards with the mandatory requirements of GOST R.
The objects of industry standardization can be: products, processes and services used in the industry; rules concerning the organization of work on industry standardization; typical designs of products for industry use (tools, fasteners, etc.); regulations metrological support in branch. The range of applicability of industry standards is limited to enterprises subject to the government that has adopted the standard. On a voluntary basis, it is possible to use these standards by business entities of other subordination. The degree of compulsory compliance with the requirements of the industry standard is determined by the company that applies it, or by agreement between the manufacturer and the consumer. Control over the fulfillment of the mandatory requirements is organized by the agency that has adopted this standard.
Enterprise standards are developed and adopted by the enterprise itself. The objects of standardization in this case are usually the components of the organization and management of production, the improvement of which - the main objective standardization at this level. In addition, enterprise standardization may affect the products manufactured by that enterprise. Then the objects of the enterprise standard will be the constituent parts of the products, technological equipment and tools, the general technological norms of the production process of these products. Enterprise standards may contain requirements for various types of services of an internal nature.
The RF Law "On Standardization" recommends the use of standardization at an enterprise for the development of state, international, regional standards by this particular enterprise, as well as for regulating the requirements for raw materials, semi-finished products, etc., purchased from other organizations. This category of standards is mandatory for an enterprise that has adopted this standard. But if in an agreement for the development, production, supply of a product or the provision of services there is a reference to an enterprise standard, it becomes mandatory for all business entities that are parties to such an agreement.
Standards of public associations (scientific and technical societies, engineering societies, etc.). These regulatory documents are usually developed for fundamentally new types of products, processes or services; advanced testing methods, as well as unconventional technologies and principles of production management. Public associations dealing with these problems pursue the goal of disseminating, through their standards, noteworthy and promising results of world scientific and technological achievements, fundamental and applied research.
For business entities, the standards of public associations serve as an important source of information on advanced achievements, and by decision of the enterprise itself, they are adopted on a voluntary basis for the use of certain provisions in the development of enterprise standards.
Both the standards of enterprises and the standards of public associations should not contradict Russian legislation, and if their content relates to the aspect of safety, then the drafts of these standards should be agreed with the authorities. state supervision... Responsibility for this is borne by the business entities that have accepted them,
The rules for standardization (PR) and recommendations for standardization (R) by their nature correspond to the normative documents of the methodological content. They may relate to the procedure for coordinating regulatory documents, submitting information on the adopted standards of industries, societies and other organizations to the State Standard of the Russian Federation, creating a standardization service at an enterprise, rules for conducting state control compliance with the mandatory requirements of state standards and many other organizational issues. PR and R are developed, as a rule, by organizations and departments subordinate to the State Standard of the Russian Federation or the State Construction Committee of the Russian Federation. These draft documents are discussed with stakeholders, approved and published by these committees.
Technical conditions (TU) are developed by enterprises and other business entities in the case when it is impractical to create a standard. The TU object can be a one-time delivery product manufactured in small batches, as well as works of art, etc. The procedure for adopting technical specifications differs from that described above for other regulatory documents.
In accordance with the Law "On standardization", technical specifications are classified as technical, not normative documents. At the same time, it was established that technical specifications are considered as regulatory documents if they are referenced in contracts or agreements for the supply of products. Then their approval (acceptance) is carried out in accordance with PR 50.1.001-93.
The peculiarity of the TU approval procedure is that during the acceptance of new products released in accordance with their requirements, their final approval takes place with the acceptance committee. But in order to present the technical specifications to the acceptance committee during acceptance, preliminary distribution of the draft technical specifications and documentation supplementing them is required to those organizations whose representatives will participate in the acceptance of products. TUs are considered to be finally agreed upon if a test batch (or prototype) acceptance certificate is signed. This also resolves the issue of the possibility of producing an industrial batch of products. In cases where an enterprise decides to manufacture products without an acceptance commission, the TU must be agreed with the customer. Not subject to agreement in either version are those requirements and norms of the TU, which are mandatory. In this case, the specification contains a reference to the relevant national standard. The TU approval rules provide their developer to decide the issue of approval with the customer himself, if this document was created on an initiative basis.
The TU is accepted by their developer (head or deputy head of the organization) without specifying the validity period, except in certain cases when the customer (consumer) of the product is interested in this.
Types of standards. The listed normative documents, as shown above, are adopted (approved) at different levels of management. economic activities... On this basis, categories of RF standards are distinguished.
As in the world practice, in Russia there are several types of standards, which differ in the specifics of the object of standardization: fundamental standards; standards for products (services); work standards (processes); standards for control methods (tests, changes, analysis).
Fundamental standards are developed with the aim of promoting mutual understanding, technical unity and interconnection of activities in various fields of science, technology and production. This type of regulatory documents establishes such organizational principles and regulations, requirements, rules and norms that are considered as general for these areas and should contribute to the fulfillment of goals common * for both science and production. In general, they ensure their interaction in the development, creation and operation of a product (service) in such a way that the requirements for environmental protection, product or process safety for human life, health and property are met; resource-saving and other general technical standards stipulated by state standards for products.
An example of fundamental standards can be GOST R 1.0-92, GOST R 1.2-92, GOST R 1.4-93, GOST R 1.5-92 - regulatory documents for the organization State system standardization in Russia.
This example also suggests that another regulatory document can be a set of standards that unites interrelated standards, if they have a common target orientation, establish agreed requirements for interconnected standardization objects. So, a set of fundamental standards, essentially being a combination of interrelated regulatory documents of a methodological nature, contains provisions aimed at ensuring that the standards applied at different levels of management do not contradict each other and the legislation, ensure the achievement of a common goal and the fulfillment of mandatory requirements for products, processes, services.
Standards for products (services) establish requirements either for a specific type of product (service) or for groups of similar products (services). In domestic practice, there are two varieties of this type of regulatory documents:
standards of general technical conditions, which contain general requirements for groups of homogeneous products, services;
technical specification standards containing requirements for a specific product (service).
It is also allowed to develop standards for individual requirements for groups of homogeneous products (services). For example, classification, test methods, storage and / or transportation rules, etc. Most often, the parameters and norms of safety and environmental protection are a separate object of standardization.
The standard of general technical conditions usually includes the following sections: classification, main parameters (dimensions), general requirements for quality parameters, packaging, labeling, safety requirements; environmental protection requirements; product acceptance rules; methods of control, transportation and storage; rules of operation, repair and disposal. The presence of certain sections in the content of the standard depends on the characteristics of the object of standardization and the nature of the requirements imposed on it.
The technical specification standard establishes comprehensive requirements for specific products (including various brands or models of these products) related to production, consumption, supply, operation, repair, disposal. The essence of these requirements should not contradict the general specification standard. But the standard of technical conditions contains specific additional requirements related to the object of standardization (an indication of trademark if it is registered in accordance with the established procedure; conformity marks, if the products are certified; special requirements for safety and environmental protection). The standards of technical conditions for a service may contain requirements for the range of services provided (accuracy and timeliness of performance, aesthetics, comfort, service complexity).
Standards for work (processes) establish requirements for specific types of work that are carried out at different stages of the product life cycle: development, production, operation (consumption), storage, transportation, repair, disposal. In particular, such standards may include requirements for computer-aided design of products, modular design, schematic diagrams of the technological process of manufacturing a product, technological regimes or norms. A special place is occupied by the safety requirements for the life and health of people in the implementation of technological processes, which can be specified in relation to the use of certain equipment, tools, fixtures and auxiliary materials.
When conducting technological operations standardization is subject to the maximum permissible norms of various kinds of technology impacts on the natural environment. These effects can be chemical (release of harmful chemicals), physical (radiation), biological (contamination by microorganisms) and mechanical (destruction of architectural monuments) nature, dangerous in the environmental aspect. Environmental requirements may relate to the conditions of use of certain materials and raw materials that are potentially harmful to the environment; parameters of the efficiency of the treatment equipment; rules for accidental emissions, liquidation of their consequences, maximum permissible norms for discharges of pollutants with wastewater.
Standards for control methods (tests, measurements, analysis) recommend the use of control methods that best ensure the objectivity of assessing the mandatory requirements for product quality that are contained in the standard for it. The main criterion for the objectivity of the control method (testing, measurement, analysis) is the reproducibility and comparability of the results. It is necessary to use precisely standardized methods of control, testing, measurement and analysis, since they are based on international experience and advanced achievements. Each of the methods has its own specifics, associated primarily with a specific object of control, but at the same time, it is possible to distinguish and general provisions subject to standardization: controls and auxiliary devices; the procedure for preparing and conducting control; rules for processing and presentation of results; permissible error of the method.
The standard usually recommends several control methods in relation to one indicator of product quality. This is necessary in order for one of the methods to be chosen as arbitration, if the need arises. True, one must bear in mind that the techniques are not always completely interchangeable. For such cases, the standard provides either a clear recommendation on the conditions for choosing a particular method, or data on their distinctive characteristics.
In order for the results to be reliable and comparable, you should use the recommendations of the standards regarding the method and place of sampling from a batch of goods with its quantitative characteristics, schemes of test installations, rules that determine the sequence of operations and the processing of the results obtained.
In 1996, a change was made to the fundamental standard GOST R 1.0-92, according to which technical regulations are added to the list of normative documents used in Russia.
Full compliance with international rules in this matter can be achieved when laws appear in Russia that establish mandatory requirements and norms, similar to the Directives in force in the European Union. In the EU, a technical regulation becomes a binding document if it is referenced in the relevant Directive.
The difference between the Russian approach to technical regulations can be traced in the text of the above change: "technical regulations should include legislative acts and decrees of the government of the Russian Federation, containing requirements, norms and rules of a technical nature; state standards of the Russian Federation in terms of the mandatory requirements established therein; norms and rules of federal executive bodies, whose competence, in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, includes the establishment of mandatory requirements. "
A technical regulation contains technical requirements either directly (for example, mandatory requirements of state standards), or by reference to the standard, or by including the content of the standard.
6.1. Standardization and standards. General information
6.1.1. Technical regulations
6.2. Types of regulatory and technical documents in the Russian Federation
6.2.1. Indexes of standards
6.2.2. General technical systems of standards
6.3. Metrology
6.4. Normative and technical documents in the library fund
6.1. Standardization and standards. General information
Standardization is an instrument of state technical policy, an activity to establish rules and characteristics for the purpose of their voluntary repeated use, aimed at achieving orderliness in the spheres of production and circulation of products. Standardization is an effective means of managing the economy, an essential link that connects science, technology and production into a single process. The economy cannot do without standards. There are many examples of this, from the format of writing paper to the naming of domains for the Internet.
Objectives of standardization:
· increasing the level of safety of life or health of citizens, environmental safety, safety of life or health of animals and plants;
· increasing the level of safety of facilities, taking into account the risk of natural and man-made emergencies;
· ensuring scientific and technological progress;
· increasing the competitiveness of products, works, services;
· rational use of resources;
· ensuring technical and informational compatibility;
· ensuring the comparability of research (test) and measurement results, technical and economic and statistical data;
· ensuring product interchangeability.
Principles of standardization:
· voluntary application of standards;
· maximum consideration of the legitimate interests of stakeholders in the development of standards;
· application international standard as the basis for the development of a national standard, except in cases where such application is recognized as impossible due to the inconsistency of the requirements of international standards with the climatic and geographical features of the Russian Federation;
· inadmissibility of creating obstacles to the production and circulation of products;
· inadmissibility of establishing such standards that contradict technical regulations;
· ensuring conditions for uniform application of standards.
Basic terms used in standardization
International standard – a standard adopted by an international organization.
National standard – standard approved by the national body of the Russian Federation for standardization.
Technical regulation – legal regulation of relations in the field of establishing, applying and fulfilling mandatory requirements for products, processes of production, operation, storage, transportation, sale and disposal, etc.
Technical regulations– a document that establishes mandatory requirements for the application and execution of the objects of technical regulation (products), including buildings, structures and structures, the processes of production, operation, storage, transportation, sale and disposal. Technical regulations are adopted by laws or by decrees of the Government of the Russian Federation.
6.1.1. Technical regulations
Technical regulations are adopted in order to protect the life or health of citizens, property of individuals or legal entities, state or municipal property, protection of the environment, life or health of animals and plants, prevention of actions that mislead consumers.
Technical regulations, taking into account the degree of risk of harm, establish the necessary requirements to ensure:
· radiation safety;
· biological safety, explosion safety;
· mechanical safety;
· fire safety;
· industrial safety;
· thermal safety;
· chemical safety;
· electrical safety;
· nuclear and radiation safety;
· electromagnetcompatibility in terms of ensuring the safety of the operation of devices and equipment;
· uniformity of measurements.
It is planned to develop 181 draft technical regulations in the near future, including technical regulations to ensure nuclear and radiation safety.
Currently operating
· Technical regulations on the safety of buildings and structures Federal Law No. 384-FZ dated December 30, 2009.
· Technical regulations on the safety requirements of blood, its products, blood substitute solutions and technical means used in transfusion - infusion therapy. Approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of January 26, 2010 N 29.
· Technical regulations on the safety of machinery and equipment, approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of September 15, 2009 N 753.
· Technical regulations on the safety of wheeled vehicles, approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of September 10, 2009 No. 720.
· The technical regulation on the safety of products intended for children and adolescents was approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 307 of April 7, 2009.
· Technical Regulations on the Requirements for Automotive and Aviation Gasoline, Diesel and Marine Fuel, Jet Fuel and Heating Oil, approved by the RF Government Decree No. 118 of February 27, 2008.
· Technical regulations for tobacco products, Federal Law No. 268-ФЗ dated December 22, 2008.
· Technical regulations for fruit and vegetable juice products, Federal Law No. 178-FZ dated October 27, 2008.
· Technical regulations on requirements fire safety, Federal Law No. 123-ФЗ dated July 22, 2008.
· Technical regulations for fat and oil products, Federal Law No. 90-FZ dated June 24, 2008.
· Technical regulations for milk and dairy products, Federal Law No. 88-FZ dated June 12, 2008.
· Special technical regulation "On the requirements for emissions of harmful (polluting) substances by automobile equipment put into circulation on the territory of the Russian Federation". Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation of October 12, 2005 No. 609
· Technical Regulations on Elevator Safety Approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated 2.10. 2009 N 782. (entered into force on 12.10.2010)
· Technical regulations on the safety of low-voltage equipment Federal Law No. 347-FZ dated December 27, 2009. (comes into force on December 27, 2010)
· Technical safety regulations devices operating on gaseous fuel Approved Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation of 11.02.2010 N 65. (comes into force on 1.01. 2011)
· Technical Regulations on the Safety of Equipment for Operation in Explosive Environments Approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of February 24, 2010 N 86. (comes into force on March 1, 2011)
· Technical Regulations on the Safety of Maritime Transport Facilities, Approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of August 12, 2010 N 620. (comes into force on August 12, 2011)
Currently, standardization as a type of activity in Russia is regulated by the Federal Law "On technical regulation"Adopted in December 2002 and put into effect on 1.07.2003. The issues of the state policy in the field of standardization and metrology are under the jurisdiction of the State Standard of Russia, which was transformed in 2004 into the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology ( Rostekhregulirovanie) Ministry of Industry and Energy of the Russian Federation.
6.2. Types of regulatory and technical documents in the Russian Federation
The following documents are in force on the territory of the Russian Federation:
· national standards;
· standardization rules, norms and recommendations in the field of standardization;
· classifications, all-Russian classifiers of technical, economic and social information.
National standards approved by the National Body of the Russian Federation for Standardization. Any person can be the developer of a national standard.
At present, the fund of national standards is more than 20,000 standards, of which about 40% have been harmonized with international standards. From the date of entry into force Federal law"On technical regulation" national standards are recognized as state and interstate standards adopted by the State Standard before July 1, 2003.
Consider the designation of the national standard of the Russian Federation. It consists of the GOST R index, registration number and separated by a dash, the last two digits of the year of approval. For example: GOST R 50314-92. Since 2000, the year of approval is indicated by four digits. For example: GOST 7.60-2003.
State standards of the former USSR are recognized by the CIS countries as interstate and operating on the territory of the CIS member states, if they do not contradict national legislation. The designation of the interstate standard consists of the GOST index, the registration number and the last two digits of the year separated from it by a dash. Since 2000 interstate standard also indicated by four digits. In the designation of standards of both interstate and state RF included in the set of standards, the first digits with a dot in their registration number define the set of standards.
Currently, work is underway to harmonize interstate and national standards with international standards. Russia actively cooperates with international standardization organizations - the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), The International Union telecommunications (ITU), etc., - taking part in the development of international standards and in ensuring their application in the national economy of the country.
The designations of the interstate and national standards of the Russian Federation, drawn up on the basis of authentic texts of the international standard and not containing additional requirements, consist of an index, respectively, GOST and GOST R and the designation of the corresponding international standard and separated from it by a dash sign of the year of adoption of the interstate and approval of the state standard (up to 2000 . - two digits of the year, after 2000 - four). For example, GOST R IEC 536–94. In the case where the standards are based on the authentic text of the International Standard and contain additional requirements, the designation of the applied International Standard is given in brackets, for example:
GOST 7.32-91 (ISO 5966-82) GOST R 50314-92 (ISO 7944-84)
The Index of National Standards is published annually in Russia. It contains all the regulatory documents in force as of January 1 of the current year. The standards are systematized by sections, groups and subgroups.
Since 2001, all current regulatory documents have been systematized according to the codes of the interstate classifier of standards and the all-Russian classifier of standards.
6.2.1. Indexes of standards
All-Russian classifiers of technical, economic and social information – regulatory documents that distribute technical, economic and social information in accordance with its classification (classes, groups, types, etc.) and are mandatory for use when creating state information systems and information resources. The procedure for development, adoption, implementation is established by the Government of the Russian Federation.
The All-Russian Classifier of Standards (OCS) is part of the Unified System of Classification and Coding of Technical, Economic and Social Information (ESKK) of the Russian Federation. Harmonized with the International Classifier of Standards (ISS) and the Interstate Classifier of Standards. OKS is intended for use in the formation of catalogs, indexes, selective lists, bibliographic materials, as well as to ensure the provision of information and the dissemination of these documents on a national, interstate and international scale. The objects of the classification of the OKS are national standards and other regulatory and technical documents.
The classifier is a hierarchical three-level classification with a numerical alphabet of the code of classification groupings of all levels of hierarchical division and has the following structure:
XX –section NS example : 31 – Electronics
XXX –group 31.060 –Capacitors
XX – subgroup 31.060.70 – Power capacitors
For OCS users, an alphabetic subject index (AAP) has been developed and included in the classifier as a separate application. The All-Russian classifier of standards is maintained by VNIIKI. In accordance with the law "On Technical Regulation" on the basis of VNIIKI, the Federal Fund of Technical Regulations and Standards was created.
The library also receives an information index of standards (ISS) "National Standards". This index provides information on the approved standards, on the standards replaced and canceled in the territory of the Russian Federation, as well as changes approved to the national standards of the Russian Federation. The classification of the All-Russian classifier of standards is used, which is convenient for users.The yearbook includes information on all standards in force on January 1 of the current year. In recent years, the index has been published in 3 volumes. The 1st and 2nd volumes reflect the current standards. The description of the standard provides: the designation of the standard, its name, an indication of which document this standard was introduced in place of, and, for GOSTs introduced after January 1, 2005, the degree of compliance with a similar international standard (identical or modified standard). Descriptions of standards are placed in the index according to All-Russian classifier standards (OKS). Volume 3 contains auxiliary pointers. Here, a list of GOSTs is printed strictly in ascending order of the numerical sequence (but without a name), indicating the code for the OKS and the group for the Classifier of State Standards (KGS), according to which the standards were systematized before the introduction of the OKS. Here, in the section "For marks" in parentheses, information about changes to GOST is placed, indicating the serial number of the change and the year and number of the IMS in which the change was published. Using this list, you can quickly find the name of the GOST you are interested in, and also determine whether it has been changed. In the same volume, among other things, a detailed subject index is printed, which gives the page numbers of the 1st and 2nd volumes of the yearbook, which contain descriptions of GOSTs corresponding to this subject heading. Therefore, for ease of use, the 1st and 2nd volumes have continuous pagination.
The monthly information index "National Standards" (IUS) promptly registers all changes in the system of national standards. Published since 1940. New national standards Of the Russian Federation and interstate standards introduced as national standards of the Russian Federation; information about replaced and canceled standards; information about changes in standards; notifications about the development of draft new national standards with an indication of the developer. I&C information when working with standards is important, since the current standards should be used in a form that provides for all the latest current changes in them.
6.2.2. General technical systems of standards
In the total volume of national standards special place occupy complexes of standards of general technical systems. The creation of mutually beneficial systems of regulatory documents based on an integrated approach has become one of the most important achievements of Soviet and Russian standardization in its time. In Russia, there are 15 systems and 10 sets of standards, including the "Unified System design documentation"(ESKD)," Unified system of program documentation "(ESPD), etc.
The study of the block of technical disciplines begins with the study of the standards of the Unified System for Design Documentation ESKD.
ESKD Is a set of national standards that establish uniform interrelated rules and regulations for the development, execution and reference to design documentation. A system of such a plan has been developed for the first time in the world. Thanks to the introduction of a single language of simplified images and methods for their application, the labor costs of designers have been significantly reduced. Further development of the system is carried out taking into account the provision of high efficiency in design automation, automated production and management at all levels of the national economy.
In the cycle of technical disciplines studied, norms for calculations and strength tests, issues of technology of various industries and much more are studied, which makes it possible to develop and design complex modern installations at the stage of diploma design.GOSTsESKD are available in the library both in the traditional version and in electronic form.
SIBID- System of standards on information, librarianship and publishing. GOST 7.32-2001. Research report. Structure and design rules. This standard establishes general requirements for the structure and rules for the design of scientific and technical reports... This International Standard applies to reports on fundamental, search, applied research work in all areas of science and technology, carried out by research organizations, higher educational institutions and other organizations.
Information technology standardization
The primary basis for building an information society, electronic dissemination of information - information and communication technologies. In Russia, work on the development and improvement of the domestic regulatory framework in the field of information technology is gaining particular importance. There are now over 450 national standards in this area, which also provide for the direct introduction of international standards. Fundamental standards are being developed in the most relevant areas - software engineering, interconnection of open systems, computer support, support life cycle high technology products, etc. Software engineering is one of the most priority areas of standardization for Russia. Its questions are thoroughly and deeply studied at MEPhI. Software measuring information systems, control systems and process optimization, verification and calibration systems and the use of tools artificial intelligence in measuring technology, ensuring the safety of the measuring system and protecting it from unauthorized access are the main directions of standardization in this area.
6.3. Metrology
An important role in reforming the Russian standardization system is assigned to metrology, which should ensure the uniformity of measurements, increase their accuracy and reliability in the process of performing scientific research. The regulation of metrological rules for the preparation and performance of measurements, processing and presentation of their results is the main goal of the regulatory documents of the State System for Ensuring the Uniformity of Measurements (GSI). Today regulatory framework GSI make up more than 2.8 thousand normative documents, including national standards, rules, methodological instructions, directive documents. The main objects of regulation are general, fundamental norms and rules, verification diagrams, methods of verification of measuring instruments and methods of performing measurements. The reference base of Russia is a national treasure and determines the level of scientific, technical and cultural development of the country.
The GSI includes Public service standard reference data on physical constants and properties of substances and materials, as well as the most important metrological services: State Service of Time, Frequency and Determination of the Earth's Rotation Parameters; State service of reference materials of composition and properties of substances and materials; State Service for Standard Reference Data on Physical Constants and Properties of Substances and Materials (GSSSD). This service provides reliable data on the properties of newly created and used substances and materials.
In 1993, Russia adopted the RF Law “On Ensuring the Uniformity of Measurements”. The law serves as the basis for the creation of our country measurement system. Interstate standard of the State system for ensuring the uniformity of measurements GOST 8.417-2002. GSI Units of quantities sets the units of physical quantities used in the country.
Employees of MEPhI took part in the development of GSSSD 131–89 "Neutron activation detectors for reactor measurements of the cross section of reactions of interaction of neutrons with nuclei".
6.4. Normative and technical documents in the library fund
Scientific and technical documentation is presented in the library fund. The scientific and technical documentation fund contains over 5 thousand documents. These are standards, rules, catalogs, reference manuals, indexes of standards, classifiers, periodicals on standardization, metrology, certification, etc. The Center receives the following periodicals:"Methods of quality management", "Standards and quality": monthly scientific and technical journals about the experience of introducing quality management standards, about the problems that arise in this case, about ways to overcome them. The journals publish materials on best practices for managing enterprises and organizations. Certification Magazine: the magazine covers issues technical regulation, including confirmation of product compliance with regulatory requirements, development and certification of management systems, work within the framework of the RF Government quality award program, protection of the domestic consumer market. The journal comes out with an appendix "Management: the horizons of ISO", which is devoted to the issues of international standardization of management systems (ISO 9000, ISO 14000, etc.) and the experience of their application. "Control and measuring devices and systems" - "KIPiS" is a scientific and technical journal covering the state of affairs in the field of measuring technology, technical regulation and metrology. State Register measuring instruments, theoretical developments in the field of metrology, recommendations for the repair and maintenance of instruments, information on conferences and seminars dedicated to this topic.
Employees of the scientific literature subscription give advice and thematic information to students about the availability of current standards necessary for laboratory work, educational research work, course and diploma design, as well as for scientific research and writing articles. The NTD fund is a systematized array of documents, which is adjusted based on official information about cancellation, replacement, changes and additions.
Subject of normative and technical documentation :
· Terminology, standardization, documentation;
· Mathematics, natural sciences;
· Environmental protection, protection of humans from environmental influences, safety;
· Metrology, measurements, physical phenomena;
· Tests;
· Mechanical engineering, incl. production automation systems and their integration;
· Energy and nuclear energy;
· Information Technology.
The fund's reference and search apparatus contains:
· numbered catalog - a library catalog in which bibliographic records are arranged in the order of numbers of normative documents;
· thematic card index.
A full-text database of GOSTs operating on the territory of the Russian Federation (the "Standard Plus" program) is installed in the electronic reading room. The database contains over 20 thousand full-text documents. The database contains all full texts of GOSTs in force on the territory of the Russian Federation. Scanned normative documents are stored in a graphic form in PDF format. These full texts of regulatory documents have the status electronic copy, on machine media. The search is carried out on the subject of the standard, on the KGS (classifier of state standards) and OGS (all-Russian classifier of standards). In the "Standard Plus" program itself, the KGS and OKS codes are not presented. You can find them on the website of FGUP "STANDARTINFORM" www.vniiki.ru. You can preliminarily conduct a search on the site for the KGS and OGS codes and topics, and then download the necessary GOST from the GOST database in the library.
World experience in quality management is concentrated in the package of international standards ISO 9000, adopted by the Interstate Organization for Standardization (ISO) in March 1987, in 2000 ISO adopted new version these standards - MS ISO 9000-2000. Today, the ISO 9000 series standards are recognized by almost all countries of the world, adopted as national and implemented by many companies. In Russia, ISO 9000-2000 standards were introduced in 2001 by the adoption and publication of GOST R ISO 9000-2001, GOST R ISO 9001-2001 and GOST R ISO 9004-2001.
The lack of a certificate for the quality system is increasingly becoming the main obstacle for a company to enter the foreign market. Realizing this, Russian enterprises implement the ISO 9000 series standards. Certification is considered the main reliable way of proving the conformity of a product (process, service) to the specified requirements. Any certification system uses standards for compliance with the requirements of which tests are carried out. The standards that are used for certification purposes are presented in the full-text database "Certification of products and services".
State Measurement System Standards
GSSSD 1–87. Fundamental physical constants
GOST R 8.000-2000GSI. Main provisions
GOST 8.057–80GSI. Standards of units of physical quantities. Basic Provisions
GOST 8.315-97GSI. Standard samples of composition and properties of substances and materials
GOST 8.417-2002GSI. Units of quantities
GOST R 8.563-96GSI. Measurement technique
GOST R 8.565-96GSI. Metrological support for the operation of nuclear power plants. Basic Provisions
GOST R 8.596-2002GSI. Metrological support of measuring systems. Basic provisions.
GOST
RMG 43-2001GSI.
GOST 8.381–80 GSI. Standards. Ways of Expressing Errors
GOST 8.157–75 GSI. Practical temperature scales.
GOST 8.009–84 GSI. Standardized metrological characteristics of measuring instruments
GOST 8.256-77 GSI. Standardization and determination of dynamic characteristics of analog measuring instruments
GOST 8.401-80 GSI. Accuracy classes of measuring instruments
GOST 8.207–76 GSI. Direct measurements with multiple observations. Methods for processing observation results
GOST R 8.563-96GSI. Measurement techniques
GOST R 50779.21–96. Statistical methods. Rules for determining and methods for calculating statistical characteristics from sample data. Part 1. Normal distributions
RMG 29–99GSI. Metrology. Basic terms and definitions
GOST 8.050-73 GSI. Normal conditions for performing linear and angular measurements
GOST 8.051–81 GSI. Errors allowed when measuring linear dimensions up to 500 mm
GOST 14004-68. Lever scales for general use. Weighing limits. Accuracy standards
GOST 8.567–99 GSI. Time and frequency measurements. Terms and Definitions
GOST R 51070–97. Electric and magnetic field strength meters. General technical requirements and test methods
GOST 1.1-2002 MGSS. Terms and Definitions
ESKD standards
Unified system for design documentation: Basic provisions. GOST 2.001–93 - GOST 2.125–85
Unified system for design documentation: Rules for the execution of drawings of various parts. GOST 2.301-68 - GOST 2.321-84
Unified system for design documentation: GOST 2.412–81 - GOST 2.420–84
Unified system for design documentation: Rules for the execution of schemes. GOST 2.701–84 - GOST 2.711–82
Unified system for design documentation: Symbols in the diagrams. GOST 2.782–96 - GOST 2.797–81
Basic norms of interchangeability. Tolerances and fits: collection of standards
Metricthreads: collection of standards
SIBID standards
GOST 7.1-2003 Bibliographic record. Bibliographic description. General requirements and rules for drawing up. - SIBID
GOST 7.60-2003. Editions. Main types. Terms and definitions - SIBID
GOST 7.32-2001 . Research report. Structure and design rules. - SIBID
GOST 7.54-88 Presentation of numerical data on the properties of substances and materials in scientific and technical documents. General requirements. - SIBID .
GOST 7.70-2003. Description of databases and machine-readable information arrays. Composition and designation of characteristics. - SIBID
GOST 7.83-2001. Electronic publications. Main types and output data. - SIBID
GOST R ISO 5725-2002 (parts 1,2,3,4,5,6). Accuracy (correctness and precision) of measurement methods and results
RMG 43-2001GSI. Application of the guidelines for the expression of measurement uncertainty
ESPD standards
GOST 19.001–77 ESPD. General Provisions.
GOST 19.701–90 (ISO 5807–85) ESPD. Diagrams of algorithms, programs, data and systems. Conditional designations and execution rules
Information Technology Standards
Information technology... Automated systems. Basic provisions. The collection of standards includes standards of group 24 - Unified system of standards for automated control system and 34 - Information technology
GOST ISO-10303 series standards. Industrial automation systems and their integration. Presentation of product data and exchange of this data
GOST R ISO / IEC TO 12 182-2002. Information technology. Software classification
GOST R ISO / IEC 12 207-99. Information technology. Software life cycle processes
GOST R ISO / IEC 15 408-2002 (parts 1-3). Information technology. Methods and means of ensuring safety. Information Technology Security Assessment Criteria
GOST 27 459–87. Information processing systems. Machine graphics. Terms and Definitions
GOST R 50 922-96. Protection of information. Basic terms and definitions
GOST R 51 275–99. Protection of information. Object of informatization. Factors affecting information. General Provisions
GOST R 51 897-2002. Risk management. Terms and Definitions
Science and Technology Environment Standards
GOST R ISO 9000-2001. Quality management systems: fundamentals and vocabularies
Reliability in technology:cbornikstandards group 27
GOST 7427–76. Geometric Optics. Terms and definitions and lettering
GOST 7601–78. Physical optics. Terms, letter designations and definitions of basic quantities
GOST 15093–90. Lasers and laser control devices. Terms and Definitions
GOST 17021–88. Integrated microcircuits. Terms and Definitions
GOST 17137–87. Monitoring, control and protection systems for nuclear reactors. Terms and Definitions
GOST 22491–87. Charged particle accelerators. Terms and Definitions
GOST 22574-77. Fissible nuclear materials. Terms and Definitions
GOST 22705-77. Radiation technology. Terms and Definitions
GOST 23082–78. Nuclear reactors. Terms and Definitions.
GOST Р 50088–92. Water-moderated nuclear power reactors VVER. General requirements for conducting physical calculations
GOST R 50996–98. Collection, storage, processing and disposal of radioactive waste. Terms and Definitions
GOST Р 51086–97. Electronic sensors and transducers of physical quantities. Terms and Definitions
GOST R 51170–98. The quality of service information. Terms and Definitions
R50.1.040-2002. Statistical methods. Experiment planning. Terms and Definitions
Questions for self-control:
1. What is a National Standard?
2. What are technical regulations?
3. What are the types of regulatory and technical documents.
4. Where can I find information about GOSTs in force on the territory of the Russian Federation?
5. How can I get the full texts of the standards?
Modern business sets itself tasks that require close interaction between various structural units using narrow-profile software.
For the correct exchange of regulatory data between specialized IT systems, information must be presented in a unified, template form and stored in the corporate system Regulatory Reference Information(NSI).
The company "IndigoSoft" is engaged in complex problem solving related to the formation, maintenance and integration industry and individual search engines of the Regulatory Reference Documentation ( NTD) v NSI enterprise system:
Creation of an individual Corporate Fund of Regulatory and Technical Documents allows you to form common information space for structural and separate divisions of the enterprise. Integration of KFNTD adjacent information systems and software applications ( ERP, PDM, PLM, CAD and etc), automates and unifies processes associated with working with external and internal scientific and technical documentation. Centralized management KFNTD is an important factor that has a positive effect on order in NTD used at the enterprise.
Implementation of KFNTD from "IndigoSoft" is:
Improving executive discipline within the company.
Shortening the development and introduction of internal technical documentation.
Ensuring transparency of accounting and NTD turnover within the company.
Simplification and automation of standards control at the enterprise.
Simplification of the confirmation of the GOST R ISO 9001-2015 standard and the passage of the audit.
For the convenience of managing KFNTD "IndigoSoft" recommends the NormaCS platform.
NormaCS has established itself as a unique information retrieval system according to regulatory documents and standards that are applied on the territory of the Russian Federation and regulate the activities of enterprises in various industries.
Complete glossary of terms.
- Convenient search system.
- Ability to integrate internal and external documents.
- A simple system for requesting the inclusion of the required additional regulatory documents.
- Integration with Microso ſt Office. Automatic placement of hyperlinks,
redirecting to documents in the database.
- Uploading data for integration into any information system.
- Timely updating of industry regulatory documents.
When organizing access to the corporate fund of NTD for several enterprises of the same branch network, it is possible to install a transit-caching server, which significantly reduces the load on the main server, saves traffic and speeds up work with KFNTD even on low-power computers.
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