The power industry is key. Power stations and networks of the Russian Federation, PTE requirements Rules for the technical operation of electrical substations

1.1.1. These Rules apply to thermal power plants operating on fossil fuels, hydroelectric power plants, electric and heating network Russian Federation and on organizations performing work in relation to these objects.

1.1.2. At each power facility, the boundaries and functions for servicing equipment, buildings, structures and communications between production departments(workshops, sections, laboratories, etc.), as well as defined official functions personnel.

1.1.3. Safe operation of equipment, buildings and structures is ensured by the provisions of instructions and other normative and technical documents.

1.1.4. Each employee of the industry, within the limits of his functions, must ensure that the device and operation of equipment, buildings and structures of power plants and networks comply with safety regulations and fire safety.

1.1.5. The main task of power plants, boiler houses, electrical and heat networks is the production, transformation, distribution and supply of electrical energy and heat to consumers (hereinafter referred to as energy production).

1.1.6. The main technological link in energy production is the energy system, which is a combination of power plants, boiler houses, electrical and thermal networks (hereinafter referred to as power facilities), connected by a common mode of operation and having centralized operational dispatch control.

Use the achievements of scientific and technological progress in order to increase efficiency, reliability and safety, improve the ecology of the power facility and environment.

1.1.8. At each power facility, the functions and boundaries for servicing equipment, buildings, structures and communications should be distributed between structural subdivisions.

Efficient operation of power plants and networks by reducing production costs, increasing the efficiency of using the capacity of installed equipment, implementing measures to save energy and use secondary energy resources;

Renewal of fixed production assets through technical re-equipment and reconstruction of power plants and networks, equipment modernization;

Organizations engaged in the design, adjustment, operation of power facilities associated with increased industrial hazard must have permits (licenses) issued in the prescribed manner.

1.1.10. Supervision of the technical condition and implementation of measures to ensure the safe maintenance of equipment and facilities, rational and efficient use fuel and energy resources are carried out by bodies state control and supervision.

1.2.1. Fully completed construction of power plants, boiler houses (steam and water heating), electric and heat network facilities, as well as, depending on the complexity of the power facility, their queues and start-up complexes must be put into operation in the manner prescribed by the current rules. This requirement also applies to the commissioning of power facilities after expansion and reconstruction.

1.2.2. The start-up complex should include, ensuring normal operation at the given parameters, a part of the total design volume of the power facility, consisting of a set of structures and facilities assigned to certain power plants or to the power plant as a whole (without reference to specific power plants). It should include: equipment, structures, buildings (or parts thereof) of the main production, auxiliary production, auxiliary, household, transport, repair and storage purposes, landscaped area, catering points, health centers, dispatching and technological management(SDTU), communications, engineering communications, treatment facilities that ensure the production, transmission and supply of electricity and heat to consumers, the passage of ships or fish through navigation or fish passage devices. To the extent envisaged by the project for this launch complex, standard sanitary and living conditions and safety for workers, environmental protection, and fire safety must be ensured.

Individual tests of equipment and functional tests of individual systems, ending for power units with a trial run of the main and auxiliary equipment;

REGULATIONS

TECHNICAL OPERATION

POWER STATIONS AND NETWORKS

RUSSIAN FEDERATION

RD 34.20.501-95

15thedition, revised and enlarged

Mandatory for thermal power plants and boiler houses operating on fossil fuels, hydroelectric power plants, electric and heat networks of the Russian Federation, as well as research institutes, design bureaus, design, construction and installation, repair and commissioning organizations performing work in relation to these objects (regardless of from the form of ownership).

DEVELOPERS: JSC "Firma ORGRES" with the participation of VTI, VNIIE, Energoremont Central Design Bureau, CDU UES of Russia under the guidance of Doctor of Engineering. Sciences, prof., corresponding member. RAS A.F. DYAKOVA

EDITORIAL COMMISSION: A.F. DYAKOV (chairman), V.V. KUDRYAVY (First Deputy Chairman), A.P. Bersenev, O.V. Britvin, V.I. GORODNITSKY (deputy chairmen), K.M. Antipov, V.T. Efimenko, F.Ya. MOROZOV, V.S. SERKOV, A.D. SHCHERBAKOV (heads of the working groups), A.N. VAVILIN, B.P. Varnavsky, V.A. VASILYEV, I.T. Goryunov, V.I. ISAEV, F.L. KOGAN, S.B. LOSHAK, V.V. LYSKO, L.G. MAMIKONYANTS, O.A. NIKITIN, I.A. Novozhilov, V.P. OSOLOVSKII, V.N. OKHOTIN, Yu.T. Salimov, N.E. Cheremisin, K.V. SHAKHSUVAROV, G.G. YAKOVLEV

The procedure for organizing the operation of equipment for thermal and hydroelectric power stations, boiler houses, electric and thermal networks of the Russian Federation is given. The 14th edition was published in 1989.

The 15th edition reflects changes in the structure and technical level of operation and repair in power systems and power facilities of the Russian Federation.

For engineering and technical workers and working power facilities and organizations.

Foreword

"Rules for the technical operation of power plants and networks of the Russian Federation" (15th edition) have been revised and supplemented on the basis of newly issued legislative acts and resolutions, taking into account the operating experience of equipment, industrial buildings and communications. Changes in the structure of administrative and economic management, as well as forms of ownership in the energy sector are taken into account.

The Rules set out the main organizational and technical requirements for the operation of power facilities, the steady implementation of which will ensure the economical, reliable and well-coordinated operation of all parts of the power systems.

The requirements for the design, construction, installation, repair and arrangement of power plants and their equipping with means of control, automation and protection, as in previous editions, are briefly set out in these Rules, since they are considered in other regulatory and technical documents (NTP, PTB, PUE, PGGTN, SNiP, etc.).

All current regulatory and technical documents must be brought into line with this edition of the Rules.

Please send all suggestions and comments on this edition of the Rules to the following address: 105023, Moscow, Semenovsky per.; 15, JSC Firm ORGRES.

The detailed review presented here examines the rules for the technical operation of power plants and networks operating on traditional energy sources. The main provisions of these requirements apply both to the equipment that is part of the power grids, and to representatives of departments and organizations responsible for their maintenance and service.

PTE of electrical supply stations and networks operate on the basis of the provisions of SO 153-34.20.501-2003 and contain the basic requirements for the maintenance of power facilities, including preventive measures and repairs. Thus, all third-party organizations and intermediaries performing one-time or scheduled work at substations and electrical networks should be guided by these rules.

Organizational matters

In the operation and maintenance of electrical installations, great importance is attached to the following organizational matters included in the PTE requirements:

The procedure for dividing the so-called "limits of responsibility" between this object and neighboring territories, in which the orders of its head are no longer valid;

Note! This separation does not only apply to line routes being laid; it also extends its effect to individual economic and territorial units (entire energy systems, sections, workshops and buildings).

Preparation of the list job descriptions, which should guide the personnel serving each object of a particular unit.

In the part of the document devoted to organizational measures, the issues of ensuring safety when working with special equipment of substations and relay circuits are necessarily stipulated. To meet these requirements, the operating and maintenance personnel of substations and linear objects should be guided by the main provisions of the current regulations (including the PUE). In this regard, he is obliged:

Monitor the current state of substations with stationary and linear equipment located on them;
Maintain the quality of the voltage supplied to the objects (its shape, frequency and rating) at the required level;
Follow all instructions of the operational and dispatching management;
master modern methods service electrical networks, allowing to increase the efficiency of their work and achieve planned energy saving indicators;
Comply with industry-specific fire safety regulations and labor protection requirements.

In addition, the operating personnel of substations are obliged to constantly improve the quality of service of this facility and, at the same time, reduce its impact on the environmental situation in the area of location.

The Rules also note that representatives of third-party organizations performing the design, installation, commissioning and commissioning of electrical equipment must be licensed to carry out all of the above works. At the same time, departmental supervisory authorities are required to conduct periodic inspections of the condition of the buildings and structures located at the facility, as well as the performance of the equipment installed on them.

In addition, the rules for the technical operation of power plants and networks separately stipulate the procedure for conducting systemic events organized to assess the technical safety of energy facilities and the efficiency of using production capacities.

Issues of professional development

According to the requirements of SO 153-34.20.501, in order to improve the methods of working with power equipment, regular theoretical classes should be held with substation personnel.

At the end of the training, certification of specialists should be carried out for all previously studied material, followed by assignment to each of them of the appropriate category and registration of admission to work on electrical installations.

Such an approach to the learning process makes it possible to prepare the maintenance personnel for the prospects for the technical re-equipment of the energy carrier production, carried out with the simultaneous renewal of the entire fleet of electrical equipment involved in the work.

Commissioning of energy facilities

Commissioning works

Upon completion of the installation work carried out under the program for updating the equipment operated at this facility, its acceptance is necessarily organized. The procedure for carrying out these activities is also stipulated by separate clauses of the current regulations relating to specific facilities of the energy system (transformer substations, boiler houses, thermal power plants, capacitive compensatory units, as well as the linear equipment itself).

Additional Information. According to the same rules and methods, an energy facility is accepted upon completion of its overhaul or modernization.

In accordance with the PUE, during start-up work, the technical condition of the working units of the equipment being put into operation is necessarily assessed, and the compliance of the operating modes with the requirements established by the standards is also checked.

Rules for the technical operation of power plants and networks (PTEESS) also define the categories of premises used for the production of works of various kinds. In particular, they divide buildings according to their functional purpose into two main classes.

Firstly, these are parts of the building or the entire building, on the territory of which the main power equipment is located.

Secondly, these are separate buildings or their elements, the areas of which are used as auxiliary premises. They, in turn, are divided into the following types:

Buildings designed to accommodate vehicles serving the substation;
Areas used as auxiliary storage facilities;
Change houses, changing rooms, showers and canteens necessary to create normal working conditions for the personnel serving the facility;
Engineering systems, which include pipelines, sewage treatment plants and local electrical networks.

Important! Commissioning work must be carried out in quantities sufficient to meet all requirements normative documentation relating to the efficiency of the equipment in operation.

Test procedure

The set of activities carried out immediately before the commissioning of the facility should include the following procedures:

Checking the functioning of the tested systems and electrical equipment of the main power units (including auxiliary devices available at the facility);
Testing the performance of all equipment in terms of its readiness for commissioning;
Carrying out intermediate tests, as well as checking individual units for the quality of hidden (earth) works.

It also indicates that representatives of the customer are usually involved in these works, and the verification itself is carried out in accordance with the design decisions for this facility and is timed to coincide with the completion of the entire scope of installation work.

Additional Information. An obligatory component of any acceptance tests is the verification of all equipment for compliance with fire safety requirements.

In case of detection of any malfunctions and shortcomings in the systems under examination, they must be eliminated even before the equipment is put into permanent operation. All comments on the condition of the equipment under study must be recorded in the acceptance certificate, signed by all interested parties.

Acceptance (final stage)

A necessary condition for the successful completion of commissioning is the fulfillment of the following requirements:

Availability of acts for checking the operability of alarms, emergency warning and fire extinguishing systems, as well as ventilation and other communications;
Obtaining official permission to put the energy facility into operation, issued by the local authorities of supervision and control;
Checking, together with the customer, the functioning of individual units and mechanisms (including auxiliary equipment) under load.

Important note! The test will be considered successful if the tested equipment of electrical substations works without interruption for at least 72 hours (with nominal load and maintaining the parameters specified by the standards).

It should be noted that HPPs and PSPPs are subject to special requirements, consisting in the need for three successive successful launches of substation equipment in automatic mode. And for gas turbine power generation systems, this figure rises up to ten times. Separately, stations are considered in which alternative sources are used as their own power plant.

Technical characteristics of operating stations

The PTEs operating in the Russian Federation single out the types of power facilities for which the dependence of the main indicators on the magnitude of thermal and electrical loads is introduced.

First of all, they include:

Electrical substations with power starting from 10 MW;
Hydroelectric power plants with an operating capacity of 30 MW or more;
CHP with a performance index of about 50 Gcal/hour.

For all energy facilities with such indicators, the dependence specified above is established, and at substations of lower capacity, the expediency of its introduction depends on the characteristics of a particular system and the equipment installed in it.

The performance characteristics of these systems, according to the PTE, are indicators of the actual efficiency of the equipment and relay lines (including their energy consumption). Moreover, energy indicators are evaluated according to the following main criteria:

Energy transfer efficiency;
Heat and energy losses (on average for the facility);
The average annual cost of carrier transportation from station equipment to a specific consumer;
The procedure for accounting for thermal and electrical energy.

Note! All current calculations of average consumption indicators for energy networks are carried out in accordance with the provisions of the PTE and current standards.

In power grids, only the so-called “technological” consumption of electricity, including its transportation to a specific consumer, is subject to rationing. This procedure is carried out in the presence of mandatory control of the accuracy of measuring the current energy consumption, as well as taking into account the state of the operating station equipment.

Such control should be carried out with a frequency of at least 1 time per month, and based on its results, the best work shifts and units are determined, in which no serious violations were detected.

Departmental supervision

All energy facilities generating and supplying electricity to specific consumers, as well as distributing and converting it according to loads, must be under the departmental supervision of special authorities.

In addition, they are required to undergo regular technical examination, carried out in relation to electrical equipment and fixed with a mark in the relevant accounting document.

The procedure for conducting such an examination can be presented as follows:

Organization and conduct of acceptance tests carried out with the participation of members of a specially appointed commission;
Checking the condition of the station equipment, which consists in its visual inspection, as well as the study of all accompanying technical documentation;
Testing of equipment for compliance with safety regulations, including assessment of the condition of grounding systems and measurements of the contact resistance of the corresponding circuits.

The results of the work carried out by the commission are necessarily recorded in the technical passport of a separate unit or unit.

Important! Operation of equipment with detected defects and technical malfunctions is strictly prohibited.

Modernization, repair and maintenance

According to the main provisions of the PTE, the owner of any energy facility is directly responsible for its current condition, as well as for the quality of its maintenance and the timeliness of the repair of the equipment located on it.

In addition, he is obliged to carefully monitor the timing of planned activities related to the overhaul and modernization of this facility. The volume of these types of work is determined by the tasks facing the contractor, and in some cases it is specially stipulated when drawing up annual schedules.

In accordance with the current regulatory provisions of the PTE, the following important issues and points are regulated:

The frequency of maintenance, as well as the time costs that should be allocated for unforeseen repair work;
The possibility of extending temporary pauses between all types of repairs of the main power units;
Preparation of the appropriate tool, as well as all the necessary documentation, without which the withdrawal of this object for repair is simply not possible;
Drawing up a list of mandatory measures aimed at ensuring the smooth launch of the facility into operation (upon completion of the repair cycle).

After the elimination of all the shortcomings and imperfections found by the selection committee, an act of acceptance of the object is prepared, which means the completion of the full cycle repair work. Before signing the final document, the following must be completed: the necessary conditions post-repair acceptance of equipment into operation:

Substations with effective voltage values from 35 kV must pass mandatory two-day tests with a fully connected load;
In the course of its implementation, the performance of individual components and systems should be checked for compliance with all the requirements specified in the test program;
The quality of the repairs carried out in terms of compliance with safety requirements is also assessed.

Note! The final acceptance of the entire set of equipment into operation is possible within 30 calendar days after its test run.

All this time, members of the commission carry out constant monitoring of the condition of all units of the restored or modernized equipment, and also check the reliability of its automatic systems.

Let's add to this that the rules of the fuel economy separately stipulate which repairs are considered medium or capital, and also indicate the deadlines for each of them.

Technical documentation

The rules that apply to any energy facility also provide for the composition of a complete set of technical documentation regulating the main issues of its operation. These documents include:

The act, according to which a plot of land is fixed under the operating facility with the general plan and communication schemes attached to it;
Acceptance acts concerning the quality of foundation and hidden works;
Test results of special systems that provide explosion protection, corrosion protection, and fire safety of the facility;
Acts of acceptance into operation of sewer outlets, gas communications, as well as ventilation equipment;
Drawings indicating the location of all hidden communications;
Visual (basic) diagrams of electrical circuits operating at the facility;
Passports for all main and auxiliary equipment;
Plan for the location of fire extinguishing equipment.

This list should be supplemented by a working set of project documentation, including all subsequent amendments and changes.

In the final part of the review, questions should be raised regarding the labeling of individual components and mechanisms, as well as accounting for electricity distributed to objects.

PTE establishes a certain procedure for designating electrical components, conductive tires, laid cable routes and protective pipelines (see PUE).

In addition, these rules provide for the accounting of electricity transferred to a specific consumer (with mandatory registration of power consumption). Data on energy consumption and meter readings are recorded in a form approved by the head of the department.

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"RULES OF TECHNICAL OPERATION OF ELECTRIC STATIONS AND NETWORKS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION Mandatory for thermal ... "

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Registration number 4799

"On approval of the Rules for the technical operation of power plants and networks

Russian Federation"

I order:

Approve the attached Rules for the technical operation of power plants and networks

Russian Federation.

Minister I.Kh. Yusufov

REGULATIONS

TECHNICAL OPERATION OF POWER STATIONS AND NETWORKS

RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Mandatory for thermal power plants operating on fossil fuels, hydroelectric power plants, electric and heat networks of the Russian Federation and for organizations performing work in relation to these objects

FOREWORD

The rules for the technical operation of power plants and networks of the Russian Federation have been revised and supplemented on the basis of newly issued legislative acts and regulatory and technical documents, taking into account the operating experience of equipment, industrial buildings and communications. Changes in the structure of administrative and economic management, as well as forms of ownership in the energy sector are taken into account.

The Rules set out the main organizational and technical requirements for the operation of energy facilities, the steady implementation of which will ensure the economic, reliable and well-coordinated operation of all parts of energy systems.

The requirements for the design, construction, installation, repair and arrangement of power plants and their equipping with control, automation and protection means are set out in these Rules briefly, since they are considered in other regulatory and technical documents.

All current regulatory and technical documents must be brought into line with this edition of the Rules.

Suggestions and comments on this edition of the Rules, please send to:

103074, Moscow, Kitaygorodsky pr., 7. Gosenergonadzor of the Ministry of Energy of Russia.

1. ORGANIZATION OF OPERATION

1.1. Basic provisions and tasks 1.1.1. These Rules apply to thermal power plants operating on fossil fuels, hydroelectric power plants, electric and heat networks of the Russian Federation, and to organizations performing work in relation to these facilities.

1.1.2. At each power facility, the boundaries and functions for servicing equipment, buildings, structures and communications between production units (workshops, sections, laboratories, etc.) should be distributed, as well as the job functions of the personnel.

1.1.3. Safe operation of equipment, buildings and structures is ensured by the provisions of instructions and other normative and technical documents.

1.1.7. Employees of power facilities are obliged to:

maintain the quality of the supplied energy - the normalized frequency and voltage of the electric current, pressure and temperature of the coolant;

observe operational and dispatching discipline;

ensure maximum efficiency and reliability of energy production;

observe the rules of industrial and fire safety during the operation of equipment and structures;

comply with labor protection rules;

reduce the harmful effects of production on people and the environment;

ensure the uniformity of measurements in the production, transmission and distribution of energy;

use the achievements of scientific and technological progress in order to increase efficiency, reliability and safety, improve the ecology of the power facility and the environment.

1.1.8. At each power facility, the functions and boundaries for servicing equipment, buildings, structures and communications should be distributed between structural subdivisions.

1.1.9. Power systems should carry out:

development of production to meet the needs for electricity and heat;

efficient operation of power plants and networks by reducing production costs, increasing the efficiency of using the capacity of installed equipment, implementing measures to save energy and use secondary energy resources;

improving the reliability and safety of equipment, buildings, structures, devices, control systems, communications;

renewal of fixed production assets through technical re-equipment and reconstruction of power plants and networks, modernization of equipment;

implementation and development new technology, technology of operation and repair, effective and safe methods of organizing production and labor;

advanced training of personnel, dissemination of advanced production methods.

Organizations engaged in the design, adjustment, operation of power facilities associated with increased industrial hazard must have permits (licenses) issued in the prescribed manner.

1.1.10. Supervision of the technical condition and implementation of measures to ensure the safe maintenance of equipment and structures, the rational and efficient use of fuel and energy resources is carried out by state control and supervision bodies.

1.2. Commissioning of equipment and facilities

1.2.2. The start-up complex should include, ensuring normal operation at the given parameters, a part of the total design volume of the power facility, consisting of a set of structures and facilities assigned to certain power plants or to the power plant as a whole (without reference to specific power plants). It should include: equipment, structures, buildings (or parts thereof) of the main production, auxiliary production, auxiliary, household, transport, repair and storage purposes, landscaped area, catering points, health centers, dispatching and technological control facilities (SDTU) , means of communication, engineering communications, treatment facilities that ensure the production, transmission and distribution of electricity and heat to consumers, the passage of ships or fish through navigation or fish passes. To the extent envisaged by the project for this launch complex, standard sanitary conditions and safety for workers, environmental protection, and fire safety must be ensured.

1.2.3. Before acceptance into operation of a power facility (start-up complex), the following must be carried out:

individual tests of equipment and functional tests of individual systems, culminating for power units with a trial run of the main and auxiliary equipment;

complex testing of equipment.

During the construction and installation of buildings and structures, intermediate acceptance of units of equipment and structures, as well as hidden works, should be carried out.

1.2.4. Individual and functional tests of equipment and individual systems are carried out with the involvement of the customer's personnel according to design schemes after the completion of all construction and installation work on this unit. Before individual and functional tests, compliance with: these Rules, building codes and regulations, standards, including labor safety standards, process design standards, rules of state control and supervision bodies, rules and requirements of environmental legislation and other bodies state supervision, rules for the installation of electrical installations, labor protection rules, explosion and fire safety rules.

1.2.5. Defects and imperfections made during construction and installation, as well as equipment defects identified during individual and functional tests, must be eliminated by construction, installation organizations and manufacturers before the start of comprehensive testing.

1.2.6. Trial launches are carried out before the comprehensive testing of power facilities. During a trial run, the operability of equipment and technological schemes, the safety of their operation should be checked; all monitoring and control systems were checked and adjusted, including automatic regulators, protection and interlock devices, alarm devices and instrumentation.

Before a trial run, the conditions for reliable and safe operation of the power facility must be met:

staffed, trained (with a knowledge test) operating and maintenance personnel, developed and approved operating instructions, labor protection instructions and operational schemes, technical documentation for accounting and reporting;

prepared stocks of fuel, materials, tools and spare parts;

SDTU with communication lines, fire alarm and fire extinguishing systems, emergency lighting, ventilation systems were put into operation;

installed and adjusted control and management systems;

permits for the operation of the power facility were obtained from state control and supervision bodies.

1.2.7. Comprehensive testing must be carried out by the customer. In a comprehensive test, the joint operation of the main units and all auxiliary equipment under load should be checked.

The beginning of a comprehensive testing of the power plant is considered the moment it is connected to the network or under load.

Comprehensive testing of equipment according to schemes not provided for by the project is not allowed.

Comprehensive testing of equipment of power plants and boiler houses is considered to be carried out under the condition of normal and continuous operation of the main equipment for 72 hours on the main fuel with a nominal load and design parameters of steam [for gas turbine units (GTP) - gas] for a thermal power plant, pressure and water flow for a hydroelectric power plant provided in the launch complex, and with the constant or alternate operation of all auxiliary equipment included in the launch complex.

In electrical networks, comprehensive testing is considered to be carried out under the condition of normal and continuous operation under load of substation equipment for 72 hours, and for power lines - for 24 hours.

In thermal networks, complex testing is considered to be carried out under the condition of normal and continuous operation of the equipment under load for 24 hours with a nominal pressure provided for in the start-up complex.

For gas turbines, a prerequisite for comprehensive testing is, in addition, successful implementation 10, and for hydraulic units of hydroelectric power stations and pumped storage power plants - 3 automatic starts.

In the course of complex testing, the interlocks, signaling devices and remote control, protection and automatic control that do not require regime adjustment.

If complex testing cannot be carried out on the main fuel, or the nominal load and design parameters of steam (for gas turbines) for a thermal power plant, head and water flow for a hydroelectric power plant or load for a substation, power lines in joint or separate testing and coolant parameters for thermal networks cannot be achieved for any reason not related to the failure to perform the work provided for by the launch complex, the decision to conduct a comprehensive test on reserve fuel, as well as the limiting parameters and loads, are accepted and established by the acceptance committee and are specified in the act of acceptance into operation of the launch complex.

1.2.8. To prepare the power facility (start-up complex) for presentation to the acceptance committee, a working committee should be appointed, which accepts the equipment according to the act after its individual tests for comprehensive testing. Since the signing of this act, the organization is responsible for the safety of the equipment.

1.2.9. Acceptance for operation of equipment, buildings and structures with defects, imperfections is not allowed.

After a comprehensive testing and elimination of identified defects and imperfections, an act of acceptance into operation of the equipment with related buildings and structures is drawn up. The duration of the period of development of serial equipment is established, during which the necessary tests, adjustment and development work must be completed and the operation of the equipment with design indicators must be ensured.

1.2.10. The organization must submit to the acceptance committee the documentation prepared by the working committee in the amount provided for by the current regulatory documents.

1.2.11. Completed detached buildings, structures and electrical devices, built-in or attached premises for production, auxiliary production and auxiliary purposes with equipment installed in them, control and communication facilities are accepted for operation by working commissions.

1.2.12. Experimental (experimental), pilot industrial power-technological installations are subject to acceptance into operation by the acceptance committee if they are prepared for conducting experiments or producing products provided for by the project.

1.3. Staff

1.3.1. Persons with a professional education are allowed to work at power facilities of the electric power industry, and persons with relevant work experience in the management of power plants are also allowed.

1.3.2. Persons who do not have the appropriate professional education or work experience, both newly hired and transferred to new position must be trained in the form of training in force in the industry.

1.3.3. Employees of organizations engaged in work with harmful substances, dangerous and unfavorable production factors, in accordance with the established procedure, must undergo preliminary (when applying for a job) and periodic (during labor activity) medical examinations.

1.3.4. At power facilities, constant work should be carried out with the personnel, aimed at ensuring their readiness to perform professional functions and maintaining their qualifications.

Personnel training facilities should be equipped with training grounds, classrooms, workshops, laboratories, equipped with technical training and training facilities, staffed and able to attract highly qualified specialists to teaching.

1.3.5. A technical library should be created at each power facility, as well as the opportunity for personnel to use textbooks, teaching aids and other technical literature related to the profile of the organization, as well as regulatory and technical documents.

At each power facility must be created in accordance with model provisions safety room and technical room.

1.3.6. In small power facilities where the creation of a material and technical training and production base is difficult, it is allowed to carry out work to improve the professional educational level of personnel under an agreement with another energy organization that has such a base.

The head of the power facility or an official from among the executives of the organization is responsible for working with personnel.

1.3.7. Admission to independent work newly hired employees or having a break in work for more than 6 months, depending on the category of personnel, receive the right to independent work after passing the necessary safety briefings, training (internships) and testing knowledge, duplicating the requirements of the rules for working with personnel.

1.3.8. In case of a break in work from 30 days to 6 months, the form of personnel training for admission to independent work is determined by the head of the organization or structural unit taking into account the level vocational training employee, his work experience, service functions, etc. In this case, in any case, an unscheduled briefing on labor safety must be carried out.

1.4. Monitoring the efficiency of power plants, boiler houses and networks

1.4.1. At each thermal power plant with a capacity of 10 MW or more, hydroelectric power station with a capacity of 30 MW or more, in each boiler house with a heat output of 50 Gcal / h (209.5 GJ / h) and more, energy characteristics of the equipment should be developed that establish the dependence of the technical and economic indicators of its operation in absolute or relative calculation from electrical and thermal loads. In addition, at a thermal power plant and in a district boiler house, graphs of the initial nominal specific fuel consumption for the supplied electrical and thermal energy, and at a hydroelectric power plant, the normative specific water consumption for the supplied electrical energy.

The feasibility of developing characteristics for power plants and district boiler houses of lower capacity and heat output should be established by the power system.

The development, revision, coordination and approval of the energy characteristics of equipment and schedules of specific fuel or water consumption must be carried out in accordance with the current regulations and guidelines.

1.4.2. The energy characteristics must reflect the actually achievable efficiency of the operation of the mastered equipment when the provisions of these Rules are complied with.

1.4.3. The energy characteristics of heat networks should be compiled according to the following indicators: losses of network water, heat losses, specific average hourly consumption of network water per unit of calculated connected heat load of consumers, temperature difference between network water in supply and return pipelines (or temperature of network water in return pipelines), specific electricity consumption for transport and distribution of thermal energy.

The development, revision, harmonization and approval of the energy characteristics of heat networks should be carried out in accordance with the current regulations and guidelines.

1.4.4. For an electrical network, the normalized indicator is the technological consumption of electricity for its transport.

1.4.5. In terms of volume, form and content, the energy characteristics must comply with the requirements of the current regulatory and methodological documents.

1.4.6. In power systems, at power plants, in boiler houses, electric and heat networks, in order to improve the final result of the work, the following should be carried out:

compliance with the required accuracy of measurements of energy consumption and technological parameters;

accounting (shift, daily, monthly, annual) according to the established forms of equipment operation indicators, based on the readings of instrumentation and information-measuring systems;

analysis of technical and economic indicators to assess the condition of the equipment, its operating modes, fuel saving reserves, the effectiveness of ongoing organizational and technical measures;

consideration (at least once a month) with the personnel of the results of the work of a shift, workshop, structural unit of the power system in order to determine the reasons for the deviation of the actual values of parameters and indicators from those determined by energy characteristics, identify shortcomings in work and eliminate them, familiarize themselves with the experience of the best shifts and individual workers;

development and implementation of measures to improve the reliability and efficiency of equipment operation, reduce wasteful costs and losses of fuel and energy resources.

1.4.7. All power stations, boiler houses, electric and heat networks are subject to energy supervision by specially authorized bodies exercising control over the efficient use of fuel and energy resources.

1.4.8. Organizations operating power stations, boiler houses, electric and heat networks must be subject to energy audits in accordance with the current legislation on energy saving. Energy audits of organizations operating energy facilities, producing, converting, transmitting and distributing electrical and thermal energy, must be carried out by authorized bodies of state control and supervision, as well as organizations duly accredited.

1.5. Technical control. Technical and technological supervision over the organization of operation of power facilities 1.5.1. At each power facility, constant and periodic monitoring (inspections, technical examinations, surveys) should be organized technical condition power plants (equipment, buildings and structures), authorized persons for their condition and safe operation persons, as well as personnel for technical and technological supervision were appointed and their official functions were approved.

All power facilities engaged in the production, transformation, transmission and distribution of electrical and thermal energy are subject to departmental technical and technological supervision by specially authorized bodies.

1.5.2. All technological systems, equipment, buildings and structures, including hydraulic structures that are part of the power facility, must be subject to periodic technical examination.

The technical examination of technological schemes and electrical equipment is carried out after the expiration of the service life established by the regulatory and technical documentation, and during each examination, depending on the condition of the equipment, the period for the subsequent examination is scheduled. Heat engineering - on time in accordance with the current regulatory and technical documents. Buildings and structures in time in accordance with the current regulatory and technical documents, but at least 1 time in 5 years.

The technical examination is carried out by the commission of the power facility, headed by the technical manager of the power facility or his deputy. The commission includes heads and specialists of structural subdivisions of the power facility, representatives of power system services, specialists of specialized organizations and state control and supervision bodies.

The objectives of the technical examination are to assess the condition, as well as to determine the measures necessary to ensure the established resource of the power plant.

The scope of periodic technical inspection based on the current regulatory and technical documents should include: external and internal inspection, verification of technical documentation, testing for compliance with safety conditions for equipment, buildings and structures (hydraulic tests, setting safety valves, testing automatic safety devices, hoisting mechanisms, ground loops, etc.).

Simultaneously with the technical examination, the fulfillment of the instructions of the state control and supervision bodies and the measures outlined as a result of the investigation of violations of the operation of the power facility and accidents during its maintenance, as well as the measures developed during the previous technical examination, should be carried out.

The results of the technical examination must be entered in the technical passport of the power facility.

The operation of power plants with emergency defects identified in the process, as well as with violations of the terms of technical examination, is not allowed.

Based on the results of the technical examination of buildings and structures, the need for a technical examination is established. The main task of the technical inspection of buildings and structures is the timely identification of accident-prone defects and damage and the adoption of technical solutions to restore reliable and safe operation.

1.5.3. Continuous monitoring of the technical condition of the equipment is carried out by the operational and operational and repair personnel of the power facility.

The scope of control is established in accordance with the provisions of regulatory documents.

The control procedure is established by local production and job descriptions.

1.5.4. Periodic inspections of equipment, buildings and structures are carried out by persons who control their safe operation.

The frequency of inspections is established by the technical manager of the power facility.

The results of inspections should be recorded in a special journal.

1.5.5. Persons controlling the condition and safe operation of equipment, buildings and structures ensure compliance with the technical conditions for the operation of power facilities, accounting for their condition, investigating and recording failures in the operation of power plants and their elements, maintaining operational and repair documentation.

1.5.6. Employees of power facilities who carry out technical and technological supervision over the operation of equipment, buildings and structures of a power facility must:

organize an investigation of violations in the operation of equipment and facilities;

keep records of technological violations in the operation of equipment;

control the status and maintenance of technical documentation;

keep records of the implementation of preventive emergency and fire prevention measures;

take part in the organization of work with personnel.

1.5.7. Power systems and other organizations of the electric power industry must carry out:

systematic control over the organization of operation of power facilities;

periodic monitoring of the condition of equipment, buildings and structures of power facilities;

periodic technical examinations;

control over the observance of the terms established by technical standards for the implementation of medium and major repairs;

control over the implementation of measures and provisions of regulatory administrative documents;

control and organization of investigation of the causes of fires and technological violations at power facilities;

assessment of the sufficiency of preventive and preventive measures applied at the facility on production safety issues;

control over the development and implementation of measures to prevent fires and accidents at power facilities and ensure the readiness of power facilities for their liquidation;

control over the fulfillment of the instructions of the authorized bodies of departmental technical and technological supervision;

registration of violations, including at facilities controlled by state control and supervision bodies;

accounting for the implementation of emergency and fire prevention measures at facilities controlled by state control and supervision bodies;

revision of technical conditions for the manufacture and supply of equipment for power plants;

transfer of information about technological violations and incidents to state control and supervision bodies.

1.5.8. The main tasks of departmental technical and technological supervision bodies should be:

monitoring compliance with established requirements for maintenance and repair;

control over the implementation of rules and instructions for safe and economical regime maintenance;

organization, control and operational analysis of the results of the investigation of the causes of fires and technological disturbances in the operation of power plants, networks and power systems;

control over the development and implementation of measures to prevent fires, accidents and other technological disturbances in the operation of power equipment and improve operation;

generalization of the practice of applying regulatory measures aimed at the safe conduct of work and reliable operation of equipment during the construction and use of power plants, and the organization of the development of proposals for their improvement;

organization of the development and maintenance of regulatory and technical documents on industrial and fire safety and labor protection.

1.6. Maintenance, repair and modernization

1.6.1. At each power facility, maintenance, scheduled repairs and modernization of equipment, buildings, structures and communications of power plants should be organized.

1.6.2. The owner is responsible for the technical condition of equipment, buildings and structures, the performance of the scope of repair work that ensures the stability of the established performance indicators, the completeness of the preparatory work, the timely provision of the planned scope of repair work with spare parts and materials, as well as the timing and quality of the repair work performed.

1.6.3. Volume Maintenance and scheduled repairs should be determined by the need to maintain the serviceable and operable condition of equipment, buildings and structures, taking into account their actual technical condition. The recommended list and scope of work for the maintenance and overhaul of equipment are given in the rules for organizing maintenance and repair of equipment, buildings and structures of power plants and networks and in the technical and economic standards for preventive maintenance of power units.

1.6.4. The frequency and duration of all types of repairs are established by the rules for the organization of maintenance and repair of equipment, buildings and structures of power plants and networks and regulatory and technical documents for the repair of this type of equipment.

1.6.5. An increase in the period of operation of power units between overhauls and an increase in the duration of the overhaul (medium) repair of power units with a capacity of 160 MW and more in comparison with the normative ones should be carried out in accordance with the procedure established by the rules for organizing maintenance and repair of equipment, buildings and structures of power plants and networks.

1.6.6. Organization of repair production, development of repair documentation, planning and preparation for repair, putting into repair and repair, as well as acceptance and assessment of the quality of equipment repair should be carried out in accordance with the rules for organizing maintenance and repair of equipment, buildings and structures of power plants and networks.

1.6.7. The volume of repair work must be preliminarily agreed with the performing organizations (contractors).

1.6.8. Before starting the repair and during its implementation, the commission, the composition of which is approved by the technical manager, must identify all defects. The criteria that the repaired equipment, building or structure must meet are established in the regulatory and technical documentation.

1.6.9. The withdrawal of equipment and structures for repair and their commissioning must be carried out within the time limits specified in the annual repair schedules and agreed with the organization in whose operational management or operational jurisdiction they are located.

1.6.10. Acceptance of equipment, buildings and structures from capital and medium repairs should be carried out by the commission according to the program agreed with the performers and approved by the technical manager of the power facility. The composition of the acceptance committee must be established by order for the power facility.

1.6.11. Equipment of power plants, substations of 35 kV and above, which has undergone major and medium repairs, is subject to acceptance tests under load within 48 hours, equipment of heat networks - within 24 hours.

1.6.12. When accepting equipment from repair, an assessment of the quality of the repair should be carried out, which includes an assessment of:

the quality of the repaired equipment;

the quality of the repair work performed;

fire safety level.

Quality ratings are set:

preliminary - upon completion of acceptance tests;

finally - based on the results of a monthly controlled operation, during which the equipment should be tested in all modes, tests and adjustment of all systems should be carried out.

1.6.13. The end time of the overhaul (medium) repair is:

for power units, steam turbines thermal power plants (TPP) with cross-links, hydraulic units and transformers - the time the generator (transformer) is connected to the network;

for steam boilers of thermal power plants with cross connections - the time of connection of the boiler to the station's live steam pipeline;

for power units with double-shell boilers (double-blocks) - the time of switching on the power unit under load with one of the boiler shells; at the same time, the kindling and switching on of the second boiler body must be carried out in accordance with the loading schedule of the power unit, if the delay in repairs is not provided for by the repair schedule;

for heating networks - the time of switching on the network and the establishment of network water circulation in it;

for electrical networks - the moment of inclusion in the network, if no failure occurred during switching on under voltage; in case of repair without removing the voltage - the moment of notification to the dispatcher on duty by the manager (manufacturer) of the work on their completion.

If during the acceptance tests defects were found that prevent the operation of the equipment with a rated load, or defects that require an immediate shutdown, then the repair is considered incomplete until these defects are eliminated and the acceptance tests are repeated.

If during the acceptance tests there are violations of the normal operation of individual components of the equipment, in which an immediate shutdown is not required, the issue of continuing the acceptance tests is decided depending on the nature of the violations by the technical manager of the power facility in agreement with the repair contractor. At the same time, the detected defects are eliminated by the repair contractor within the time period agreed with the power facility.

If the acceptance tests of equipment under load were interrupted to eliminate defects, then the time of completion of the repair is considered to be the time of the last time in the process of testing the equipment was placed under load.

1.6.14. Repair of all the main equipment that is part of the power unit must be carried out simultaneously.

1.6.15. Power facilities must keep a systematic record of technical and economic indicators of repair and maintenance of equipment, buildings and structures.

1.6.16. Power facilities should be equipped with:

at power plants - central repair shops, repair sites and production facilities for repair personnel in the main building, auxiliary buildings and structures;

in thermal networks - repair and maintenance bases;

in electrical networks - repair and production bases.

1.6.17. The equipment of power facilities should be serviced by stationary and inventory hoisting machines and means of mechanization of repairs in the main building, auxiliary buildings and structures.

1.6.18. For timely and high-quality repairs, power facilities must be equipped with repair documentation, tools and means for performing repair work.

1.6.19. Power facilities and repair organizations that carry out repairs of facilities under the jurisdiction of state control and supervision bodies must have a permit (license) for the right to carry out repair work.

1.6.20. Power facilities must have spare parts, materials and an exchange fund of assemblies and equipment to ensure the planned repair volumes in a timely manner.

1.7. Technical documentation

1.7.1. Each power facility must have the following documents:

acts of allotment of land plots;

master plan of the site with applied buildings and structures, including underground facilities;

geological, hydrogeological and other data on the territory with the results of soil testing and groundwater analysis;

acts of laying foundations with sections of pits;

acts of acceptance of hidden works;

primary acts on settlements of buildings, structures and foundations for equipment;

primary acts of testing devices that ensure explosion safety, fire safety, lightning protection and anti-corrosion protection of structures;

primary acts of testing internal and external water supply systems, fire water supply, sewerage, gas supply, heat supply, heating and ventilation;

primary acts of individual testing and testing of equipment and technological pipelines;

acts of the state and working acceptance commissions;

approved project documentation with all subsequent changes;

technical passports of buildings, structures, technological units and equipment;

executive working drawings of equipment and structures, drawings of the entire underground facilities;

Executive working diagrams of primary and secondary electrical connections;

executive working technological schemes;

drawings of spare parts for equipment;

operational fire fighting plan;

documentation in accordance with the requirements of state control and supervision bodies;

a set of current and canceled instructions for the operation of equipment, buildings and structures, job descriptions for all categories of specialists and for workers related to duty personnel, and instructions for labor protection.

The set of the above documentation must be kept in the technical archive of the power facility.

1.7.2. At each power facility, in the production services of power systems, a list of necessary instructions, regulations, technological and operational schemes for each workshop, substation, district, section, laboratory and service should be established. The list is approved by the technical manager of the power facility (energy system).

1.7.3. On the main and auxiliary equipment of power plants, boiler houses and substations, plates with nominal data must be installed in accordance with state standard for this equipment.

1.7.4. All main and auxiliary equipment, including pipelines, bus systems and sections, as well as fittings, gas and air pipeline dampers, must be numbered.

In the presence of a selective control system (ISS), the numbering of the valves in place and on the executive diagrams must be double, indicating the number corresponding to the operational scheme and the number according to the ISU. The main equipment must have serial numbers, and the auxiliary equipment must have the same number as the main one, with the addition of the letters A, B, C, etc. The numbering of equipment should be made from the permanent end of the building and from row A. On double blocks, each boiler should be assigned a block number with the addition of the letters A and B. Individual links of the fuel supply system must be numbered sequentially and in the direction of fuel movement, and parallel links - with the addition to these numbers of letters A and B along the course of fuel from left to right.

1.7.5. All changes in power plants made during operation must be entered into instructions, diagrams and drawings before commissioning, signed by an authorized person, indicating his position and date of the change.

Information about changes in instructions, diagrams and drawings should be brought to the attention of all employees (with an entry in the orders log), for whom knowledge of these instructions, diagrams and drawings is mandatory.

1.7.6. Executive technological diagrams (drawings) and executive diagrams of primary electrical connections must be checked for their compliance with actual operational ones at least 1 time in 3 years with a mark on them about verification.

At the same time, instructions and lists of necessary instructions and executive work schemes (drawings) are reviewed.

1.7.7. Sets of the necessary schemes must be in the supervisory control bodies of the appropriate level, with the dispatcher of the power system, heat and electric network, the shift supervisors of the power plant, the shift supervisor of each workshop and power unit, the duty officer of the substation, the district of the heating and electrical network and the foreman of the operational team.

The form in which charts are stored should be determined by local conditions.

1.7.8. All workplaces must be provided with the necessary instructions.

1.7.9. The staff on duty should have operational documentation, the volume of which is presented in Table. 1.1.

Depending on local conditions, the volume of operational documentation may be changed by decision of the technical manager of the power facility or power system.

1.7.10. At the workplaces of operational and dispatching personnel in the workshops of the power plant, on control panels with constant personnel on duty, at control points, daily records should be kept.

1.7.11. The administrative and technical personnel, in accordance with the established schedules for inspections and rounds of equipment, must check operational documentation and take the necessary measures to eliminate defects and irregularities in the operation of equipment and personnel.

Table 1.1

– – –

1.8.1. Automated control systems (ACS) should provide a solution to the problems of production-technological, operational-dispatch and organizational and economic management of energy production. These tasks are assigned, respectively, to:

automated control systems technological process(APCS);

automated dispatch control systems (ASDU);

automated production control systems (APCS).

1.8.2. At each thermal power plant with power units with a capacity of 180 MW and above, at each hydroelectric power plant with an installed capacity of 1000 MW and above, in each organization operating the electric network, automated process control systems must operate. Depending on local conditions, economic and production feasibility, automated process control systems can be equipped with power plants with units having a capacity less than the specified one.

1.8.3. At control centers (DP) of organizations operating electrical and thermal networks, in power systems, dispatching control bodies, ASDUs must function.

1.8.4. When operating the ACS, it is necessary to be guided by:

regulatory industry documents, orders, instructions from higher authorities on the development, implementation and operation of automated control systems at power facilities and power systems;

government and industry standards.

1.8.5. At power plants, in organizations operating electrical and thermal networks, in power systems, dispatching control bodies of the appropriate level, ACS P must operate, which can solve the following typical sets of tasks:

technical and economic planning;

energy repair management;

sales management of electrical and thermal energy;

energy production development management;

product quality management, standardization and metrology;

logistics management;

fuel management;

transport and transportation management;

personnel management;

training of operating personnel;

accounting;

general management.

Automatic process control systems (APCS), ADCS and ACS P can function as independent systems and as subsystems of integrated automated control systems of power systems.

1.8.6. The choice of complexes of individual functional tasks ACS in each power system (at a power facility) should be determined based on production and economic feasibility, taking into account the rational use of available standard design solutions, application software packages and capabilities technical means.

1.8.7. The complex of technical means of automated control systems should include:

means of collecting and transmitting information (information sensors, communication channels, telemechanics devices, data transmission equipment, etc.);

means of processing and displaying information (computers, analog and digital devices, displays, printing devices, functional keyboard, etc.);

controls (controllers, executive machines, electrical equipment: relays, power amplifiers, etc.);

auxiliary systems (uninterruptible power supply, air conditioning, automatic fire extinguishing, etc.).

1.8.8. Commissioning of the automated control system must be carried out in accordance with the established procedure on the basis of an act of the acceptance committee.

The commissioning of the automated control system into commercial operation may be preceded by its pilot operation lasting no more than 6 months. The creation and commissioning of the automated control system can be carried out in one or two stages.

Acceptance of the automated control system for commercial operation should be carried out upon completion of acceptance for commercial operation of all tasks provided for the input queue.

1.8.9. When organizing the operation of the automated control system, the duties of structural units for servicing the complex of technical means, software should be determined by orders of the heads of power facilities, power systems or other power production management bodies.

The list of equipment serviced by each subdivision, indicating the boundaries of service, must be approved by the technical manager of the relevant power facility or organization.

1.8.10. The subdivisions serving the automated control system must ensure:

reliable operation of technical means, information and software ACS;

submission according to the schedule to the relevant departments of information processed in the computer;

efficient use of computer technology in accordance with applicable regulations;

improvement and development of the management system, including the introduction of new tasks, the modernization of programs that are in operation, the development of advanced technology for collecting and preparing initial information;

maintenance of classifiers of reference information;

organization of information interaction with adjacent hierarchical levels of automated control systems;

development of regulatory documents necessary for the functioning of automated control systems;

analysis of the work of the automated control system, its economic efficiency and timely reporting.

1.8.11. Maintenance personnel for each automated control system, except for design and factory, must maintain technical and operational documentation according to the list approved by the technical manager of the power system (power facility).

1.8.12. Repair and maintenance work on the technical means of the automated control system must be carried out in accordance with the approved schedules, the procedure for their withdrawal for repair must be determined by the approved regulation.

1.8.13. The management of power systems, dispatching authorities of power facilities should analyze the functioning of automated control systems, their effectiveness, monitor operation and develop measures for the development and improvement of automated control systems and their timely technical re-equipment.

1.9. Ensuring the uniformity of measurements

1.9.1. The set of measures to ensure the uniformity of measurements performed by each power facility includes:

timely submission for verification of measuring instruments (MI) subject to state control and supervision;

organizing and carrying out work on the calibration of measuring instruments that are not subject to verification;

the use of certified methods for performing measurements (MVI);

ensuring that the accuracy characteristics of the applied measuring instruments comply with the requirements for the accuracy of measurements of technological parameters;

maintenance, repair of measuring instruments, metrological control and supervision;

metrological examination of normative and project documentation.

1.9.2. The performance of work to ensure the uniformity of measurements, control and supervision of their implementation is carried out by the metrological services of power systems, power facilities and organizations or subdivisions performing the functions of these services.

1.9.3. The equipment of power facilities with SI is carried out in accordance with the design and regulatory documentation and specifications for delivery, in which control is provided: over the technical condition of the equipment and its mode of operation; accounting for the receipt and consumption of resources generated, consumed and supplied with electricity and heat; for compliance with safe working conditions and sanitary standards; for environmental protection.

1.9.4. The personnel of the power facility maintains all measuring instruments, as well as information-measuring systems, including those included in the APCS and ADCS, as well as ASKUE further (IMS) in good condition and constantly ready to perform measurements.

of the Russian Federation”, hereinafter referred to as the “Customer”, represented by the head of the Rostov detachment of departmental security - a structural unit of the branch of the Federal State Enterprise “Departmental security railway transport Russian Federation" on the North Caucasian railway Shakhvorostov Dmitry Evgenievich, ... "Polytechnic University named after M.I. Platova Novocherkassk, Russia COURSEWORK: CONTROL SYSTEM OF TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESS OF PRODUCTION OF ETHANOL Bulatova D.A., Makarenko V.G. Platov South-Russian State Polytechnic University Novocherkassk, Russia

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The list of rules and requirements reflected in the document SO 153-34.20.501-2003 are based on new legislative acts and new regulations. The PTE also takes into account the changes that have taken place in economic management in the energy sector of Russia. The edited rules, technical requirements indicate the main provisions in the document, the implementation of which ensures the reliable operation of the energy system of the Russian Federation.

PTE of power plants and networks do not fully disclose the requirements for construction, design, repair and installation work at power plants, since there are current regulatory documents for these works. This article will briefly convey the meaning of the rules that make the coordinated work of the energy system of the Russian Federation.

Operation of power plants and networks

These provisions of the Rules are valid at electric, thermal stations that use organic matter as fuel, at hydraulic power plants and electric networks of the Russian Federation. They apply to organizations that perform work at these facilities.

What kind organizational arrangements must be fulfilled:

Distribution of the boundaries of responsibility of personnel for the maintenance of facilities, equipment and communications between departments in production (workshop, site, laboratory, and others). Determination of job descriptions for personnel.
The safety of equipment operation in buildings and structures is achieved by technical requirements documents, the implementation of the provisions of the instructions.
Operating personnel at their place must ensure compliance own actions and the operation of equipment with the rules of technical and fire safety.

The rules state that the main task of power plants, boiler equipment, as well as thermal and electrical networks, this is the generation and transformation, distribution and regulatory supply of electrical and thermal energy to the consumer. This can be combined into a single formulation, energy production.

The energy system, which includes: a power plant, a boiler house, a heat and power network, is a link in energy production. Elements of the power system are called power facilities when they are connected by the mode of operation with a single centralized control point, the dispatching room.

The personnel of power facilities are obliged to:

Monitor the quality of voltage, frequency, pressure and temperature, before returning energy to the consumer (electrical, thermal).
Follow operational and dispatching discipline at the workplace.
Monitor the performance of equipment and facilities.
Strive to make energy production as economical and reliable as possible.
Mandatory compliance with the rules of technical and fire safety.
Comply with the rules and requirements for labor protection.
Participate in activities to reduce the impact of energy production on the environment and employees.
Ensure a unified measurement of indicators of electrical and thermal energy in the process of production and its further transmission.
Always apply best practices to improve the efficiency of an energy facility, reduce its impact on the environment of the region in which it is located.

Energy systems strive to implement:

The Rules indicate that organizations that perform work: setting up equipment, designing facilities, operating energy facilities associated with high industrial hazard must be licensed have permission to carry out this activity.

Supervisory and control bodies check the operability of structures and equipment, how measures are taken to ensure the safety of the operation of energy facilities, how efficiently the fuel resource is used.

Rules for acceptance into operation of facilities and equipment

Completed in construction objects of the energy system (power plants, steam and water heating boiler houses), thermal and electrical networks should be taken into operation according to current Rules. Objects after repair and technical expansion are also accepted for work according to the points of the current Rules.

It should be noted that the rules launch complex definition, he is obliged to ensure the normal operation in the specified parameters of all elements of the energy facility, which includes:

Part of the building or the entire building, structure, equipment of the main production, auxiliary or transport production. Premises for storage purposes and intended for repair work.
Household buildings, the area around buildings, catering facilities.
Hospitals, healthcare facilities, command and control lines, equipment and communications.
Engineering lines of pipelines and electrical networks, waste water treatment facilities.
Objects for the transmission of electrical and thermal energy to consumers.
Structures and structures for the passage of the surface fleet and fish resources of reservoirs.

Important! Operation of the launch complex should be carried out in full, taking into account all regulatory documents, hygienic and sanitary rules for personnel, the impact on the ecology of the region, fire safety.

Activities that are carried out before the commissioning of an energy facility (start-up complex):

Checking individual systems and equipment of power units for a trial run, checking auxiliary units and devices.
Testing of all equipment in the launch complex.
Carrying out intermediate acceptance of units of mechanisms and equipment of structures, acceptance of covert work.

The PTE states that for acceptance according to individual schedule equipment, the customer’s personnel is involved, the performance of work is checked according to the design schemes, when all construction and installation work on this node. Before the start of acceptance, compliance with the current Rules, standards and norms of labor safety and safe operation of equipment is checked during the work. The fire safety of the unit is checked, compliance with environmental requirements and state supervision standards is carried out.

When shortcomings and defects are revealed during the testing of individual equipment, they are eliminated by the manufacturer of devices or units, as well as by installation organizations in time before the start of complex tests.

During trial runs and intermediate acceptances individual equipment is checked:

How protection works.
How the device circuit works.
System management schemes are being tuned.
How the alarm works.

Prerequisites for a test run:

The complex start-up must be carried out by the customer. The joint operation of individual units and mechanisms is checked, how the main, auxiliary equipment works with the load. The beginning of such tests is the inclusion of equipment in the network or under load.

Important! It is impossible to test equipment not specified in the project. The test is considered complete when the equipment works in the complex 72 hours continuously on the main type of fuel with a working load and parameters established by the project.

Electric networks are considered to have passed the test when they are under working load for 72 hours (electrical substation operation), and transmission lines for 24 hours.

Thermal networks that have passed a comprehensive test: operating pressure and normal operation of the equipment for 24 hours.

It should be noted that for hydroelectric power plants, pumped storage power plants, there are mandatory conditions, these are 3 successful automatic launches of equipment, and for gas turbines ( gas turbine plant), 10 successful equipment launches. The launch conditions include the operation of all blocking systems and signaling devices, equipment remote control circuits, and automatic control systems.

The order of events before the main acceptance:

Experimental installations, experimental objects are accepted only by the selection committee for work, during the period when they are ready to conduct research or produce experimental products.

Rules requirements for personnel

Personnel at power facilities must have professional education, have experience in managing power plants.

The Rules specify the requirements for personnel:

Efficiency of energy facilities, methods of control

The Rules state that at energy facilities:

Power plants from 10 MW capacity.
Hydraulic power plants from 30 MW capacity.
Boiler houses with a capacity of 50 Gcal / h,

the energy parameters of the installed equipment should be developed, which establish the dependence of TEP(technical and economic indicators) from loads - electrical, thermal power facility.

At objects of lower power, the presence of such characteristics, their expediency is determined by the energy system. The characteristics to be developed, as specified in the rules, must show real savings work performed by the equipment.

Indicators that are necessary for compiling energy characteristics:

Important! All calculations for heating networks are carried out according to regulatory documents and the current provisions of the Rules. Electrical networks are normalized only by the technological consumption of electrical energy for its transportation to the consumer.

At energy facilities, the following should be carried out: measurements of the required accuracy of the consumption of energy carriers, accounting for the daily performance of the equipment in operation, analysis of the TEC, the state of the operating equipment. Conduct at least once every 30 days consideration of the activities of the personnel of the energy facility, by shifts or divisions, identifying the best employees, eliminating the identified shortcomings.

Supervision of the operation of power plants, thermal and electrical networks, boiler houses is carried out by a special energy management body for the system for the efficient use of fuel resources.

All organizations that operate power plants and energy facilities are subject to energy conservation audits by the state authorities for supervision and control.

Technical supervision of the operation of energy facilities

The PTE states that it is necessary to organize two types of equipment condition monitoring at the power facility: continuous and periodic monitoring. They include technical inspection of equipment, inspections of units, examination of the mechanisms of the power plant for their technical condition. It is necessary to appoint responsible persons in the operating organization who monitor the safe use of equipment, appoint responsible personnel for technological supervision, and approve their functional duties.

Important! Energy facilities that transport electrical and thermal energy to consumers, distribute it, or convert energy are subject to departmental supervision from authorized bodies.

All technological systems under the project included in the power facility undergo periodic technical examination. The timing of the survey of electrical equipment is indicated in the regulatory documentation for it (service life), after the event, the next period for the survey is established.

The procedure for conducting a technical examination:

The rules indicate that daily supervision of the technical condition of the equipment of the energy facility is carried out by the operational personnel of the organization with the involvement of operational and repair personnel. The procedure for conducting control is determined by the head of the organization operating the power facility. All verification records are recorded in a special log.

The personnel of the energy facility must:

Conduct an investigation into the violation of the equipment of the power facility.
Record technological violations in the operation of units and systems of the power facility.
Take into account the number of preventive measures taken with the equipment.
To increase the efficiency of work in the maintenance of equipment by personnel.

Energy systems, energy organizations must:

Carry out systematic control of the operation of the energy facility.
To carry out periodic supervision of the technical condition of the facility's power plants.
Conduct technical reviews.
Carry out medium and major repairs of equipment within the specified time frame.
Investigate the causes of fires at the power facility, violation of safe operation, and the creation of accidents. Take preventive measures to prevent such cases.
Monitor the implementation of previously prescribed activities.
Transfer information to departmental bodies of state supervision on violations technological work equipment, contradictions in the safe operation of the power plant.

Modernization and repair, equipment maintenance

Energy facility owner is responsible for the condition of all the equipment of the power plant, for the timely conduct of repair work, the provision of repair kits to the personnel performing the work. He must monitor the timing of the planned work on the modernization and repair of the power facility.

To what extent it is necessary to carry out work on the repair of equipment, is determined by the maintenance of the facility's power plant in working condition. The rules for the maintenance and repair of equipment indicate the list of activities and the scope of work for the repair and scheduled preventive maintenance of power units.

Maintenance regulations equipment is installed:

Periodicity and time interval of all repair work carried out at the power facility.
Conditions for increasing the period of operation of power units when repairs are carried out (major, medium).
Creation of a repair base, documentation, carrying out activities to bring equipment into repair. Determination of measures for the acceptance of equipment after repair and its commissioning.

The commission of the organization reveals all defects of the equipment taken out for repair, determines the repair criteria according to the normative and technical documentation. After the equipment has been repaired, the commission carries out acceptance according to the procedure agreed with the repair contractors, approved by the head of the organization. The composition of the commission is appointed by order for the energy facility.

Conditions for acceptance of equipment after repair:

Substations from 35 kV are subject to tests with a load for two days.
An assessment of the repair carried out is carried out: the quality of repair work, compliance with the conditions of fire safety of equipment.
Preliminary and final tests of the equipment are carried out. Final acceptance is carried out within 30 days of observation by the operating organization of the operation of the repaired equipment, adjustment of automatic systems.

The Rules indicate how the end of the repair (medium, capital) is considered:

Hydraulic units, transformers - connecting them to the network.
Steam boilers (TPP) that have transverse connections - connection to the pipeline.
Energy blocks - switching on under load.
Electrical networks - inclusion in the network when there is no protection operation.

When defects in the operation of equipment that cannot work under load are detected during the acceptance tests, the repair is considered incomplete. New deadlines for acceptance tests are assigned. If the defects do not affect the quality of the equipment, the manager may decide to eliminate them in the course of its subsequent work, the repair is completed after their elimination. When it is necessary to stop the operating equipment to eliminate the identified defects, the last stop is considered the end of the repair.

The rules state requirements for the equipment of the power facility:

Power plants: repair sites, workshops for repairing equipment, premises for maintenance personnel.
Thermal points, bases of repair work.
Electric networks, repair bases.
Availability of stationary lifting equipment, lifting machines.
Tool of repair bases, technical documentation for the equipment of the power facility.

Energy facilities must have the right to carry out repair work (license). The head of the organization is obliged to provide the personnel of the repair teams with repair kits and materials.

Technical documentation of the power facility

The current rules provide list of technical documentation:

This set of documents must be kept in accordance with the Rules in technical department energy facility. On all equipment there should be signs, reflecting its nominal parameters. Equipment, as well as tires, and electrical fittings, sections and pipelines must be numbered, as provided by the current Rules.

Changes that have been made to power plants must be reflected in the instructions and communicated to all maintenance personnel at the facility. Executive schemes are checked for compliance with the operating scheme at least once every 3 years.

Staff workstations should be functional instructions. Duty personnel must have their own documentation, which is specified in the PTE.

Automated control systems

At the power facility, the system automated control(ACS) is designed to perform the tasks of organizational-economic, production-technological and operational-dispatch management.

To accomplish these tasks provides for:

Organization of APCS ( automated system process control).
Commissioning of ASDU (Automated Supervisory Control System).
Arrangement of APCS (automated production control system).

The rules state that:

A TPP station with power units from 180 MW, as well as a hydroelectric power station from 1000 MW, must have an automated process control system. Organizations, owners of electrical networks are equipped with this system.
All control rooms are equipped with ASDU.

When work is carried out in ACS systems, normative industry documentation is applied, the implementation of ACS is carried out by orders for the industry at the facility and energy systems.

The automated control system is necessarily implemented at power plants with power grids, at control rooms of various levels of energy management, to solve problems:

Technical and economic planning.
Conducting and managing energy repairs.
Supply, sale of thermal and electrical energy to consumers.
Development of energy production.
The tasks of metrology and standardization in production, quality management of the supplied products.
Manage the material base of the power facility, monitor its technical support.
Control and manage the supply of fuel to the facility.
Solution of production transport problems.
Personnel tasks.
Training of personnel to work with the equipment of the power facility.
Supervise and manage accounting.
Carry out general management of the power facility.

Automated systems can be functionally applied according to the Rules in the form of independent systems and integrate into the overall energy system.

Each energy system, at its own energy facility, can select individual ACS complexes, applying the rule of expediency and design decisions.

ACS technical means:

All ACS systems are put into operation according to the act of the selection committee before the final acceptance of the remaining tasks. By orders of the head, responsible personnel for the maintenance of automated control systems are appointed.

Automated Control Units in energy systems provide:

Reliability in the use of technical means, software for automated control systems.
According to the management schedule, provide the necessary departments with information about their work processed in in electronic format, on computers.
Using normative data, they effectively use computer technology.
Implementation of new tasks for the development of control systems, improvement of information collection technologies using new computing solutions.
Maintain regulatory, reference documentation on the classification of units.
Interact with the automated control systems of the energy systems of subcontractors.
Carry out the development of documents to improve the work of the automated control system.
Maintain reports and timely submit them to management on the operation of automated control systems.

Repair work and measures for the prevention of devices and equipment are carried out according to the schedule approved by the management of the provisions for the withdrawal of equipment for repair.

At every energy facility events are being held, ensuring the unity of measurements:

The metrological subdivisions of the energy facility are responsible for carrying out measures for the uniformity of measurements. The equipment of the measuring instruments of the power facility is carried out according to the regulatory documentation, they must properly control:

What is the state of the equipment of the power facility, its modes of operation.
How many products are released (electricity, heat), the arrival of fuel resources, their consumption.
How is safety observed at the facility in industrial premises, hygienic and sanitary norms.
Accounting for the climatic state in the region.

The personnel of the power plant or the service network must maintain in good condition all the measuring instruments that are included in the automated control system, automated process control system. They must be in constant readiness for measurements.

Metrological certification of the measuring channels of the IMS is carried out before the commissioning of the equipment of the power facility. They must undergo calibration during the operation of the object of verification within the time schedule established by the schedule. Untested devices are not allowed to measure.

SI list, required for verification, is compiled at each energy facility individually and sent to the supervisory body of state control in the region where the facility is located.

Territory of power plants, requirements

The sanitary and technical condition of the energy facility, its operational data depend on the performance of work at the facility in its good condition and the adjacent territory:

At the energy facility electrochemical protection against corrosion and stray currents. Control on the territory of the power plant over the level of groundwater is carried out:

After putting the energy facility into operation, monthly during the year.
In the next years of operation of the power facility, the groundwater level is checked as necessary, depending on the climatic conditions of the region, but not less than once every 4 months.

bridges, railways located on the territory of the power plant must be maintained in good condition and serviced in accordance with regulatory documentation. It is necessary to monitor the abutments of bridges for their possible displacement. Surveys are carried out: capital 1 time in 10 years, for wooden bridges 1 time in 5 years.

The premises and buildings of the energy facility must be painted aesthetically in accordance with industrial requirements for sanitation, and for the coloring of pipelines for the intended purpose. All sites must be kept clean.

Hydraulic structures in operation must meet the requirements of reliability and safety, they must ensure the economical and uninterrupted operation of the station equipment. Particular attention is paid to the arrangement drainage and impervious mechanisms, devices. These structures must meet the requirements of regulatory documentation, be durable, strong and stable.

They must be protected from third-party influences on them: chemical and physical methods, excessive loads. If damage occurs during operation, they must be repaired in a timely manner.

After 25 years of operation, pressure structures undergo a complete, multifactorial examination, and an assessment of the state of the structure is carried out. Based on the results of the inspection of the structure, a conclusion is made about their technical condition and readiness for safe operation.

Concrete structures are tested for the strength of concrete in places of the strongest impact on it: oil structures, cyclic effects of soil freezing, dynamic impacts.

The Rules show in detail maintenance requirements:

Dams and earth dams.
Proper creation of ditches and berms.
Arrangement of drainage systems.

The organization responsible for the operation of a hydraulic structure must, in a written notification, report on the safe condition of the structures to the regional supervision authorities. If necessary, report on the boundaries of possible flooding of territories.

Each power plant must have instructions on the actions of personnel in emergency or in cases of emergency. In case of equipment failures, special orders are developed, provided for by the project documentation.

First class hydrotechnical structures located in seismic impact zones from 7 points, as well as second class structures in zones from 8 points of seismic impact subjected to the following tests and observations:

Seismometric monitoring.
Seismological monitoring.
Tests for dynamic stability in test mode, drawing up dynamic passports.

All structures must be equipped with an automated control system for the specified parameters.

Equipment for hydraulic structures

Mechanical equipment, as well as automated control systems for them, signaling of hydraulic structures, transport devices must always be in working condition. According to the Rules, this equipment is subject to periodic inspection and testing. Valves older than 25 years are checked every 5 years.

Mechanical Requirements:

Gates must have indications of the height to which they open.
Valves must not be physically obstructed during operation.
They must work without vibration, have the correct fit on the threshold, and not have deformations.
Valves under load are checked once every 5 years.
Ropes, wires, grounding devices, alarms are checked once a year.

The equipment must be protected from the effects of corrosion, sludge and deposits.

Water regime for power plants

The operation of HPPs is ensured by the use of water resources for units of installed capacity, when the best option the loads of the power system are covered. Power plants with a reservoir must have a schedule for the flow of water, and approved rules for the use of the reservoir. The rules can be reviewed during the operation of the plant once in 10 years.

Operation is foreseen special regime before the flood which provides:

The owner of the power plant is transferred in the process of accepting it into operation: the basic rules for using the water resource, the hydraulic parameters of all facilities with access to the reservoir. Water pass takes place according to local regulations, observing the safe operation of facilities. The flow of water through the structures occurs smoothly, without creating strong waves.

Hydraulic structures in winter

Prior to the onset of winter and negative temperatures, measures are taken to check and commission sludge collectors, and settling tanks are provided for it. When structures do not provide for maintaining long-term ice pressure, a polynya is built along it, which is maintained throughout the entire ice age.

When there is no ice cover on the river at the hydroelectric power station, it is planned to pass slush through the turbines in winter, if this is not possible, sludge discharges are equipped. On large reservoirs, sludge is collected in the pools. Before the start of the winter season, there is a daily measuring water temperature, to determine the period when it is necessary to turn on the heating of the grates.

When ice is passed through structures using gate devices, the passage mode is observed with the required water level at the ice discharge holes. Monitoring posts for ice conditions on rivers and reservoirs are being organized at the HPP.

The Rules fully disclose all water resource requirements and a hydroelectric reservoir. Let us dwell on the activities carried out to preserve the ecology and the sanitary and technical condition of the reservoir:

Periodically, the reservoir is surveyed and after 5 years of operation of the reservoir, a complete analysis of water and other parameters is made to compile a report on the suitability for safe further operation at the hydroelectric complex.

Hydro turbine plants

At the power facility, according to the Rules, the uninterrupted operation of hydro turbine units with a rated load and excellent head efficiency is ensured. All equipment at the HPP should at any time start working at maximum load.

To fulfill requirements events are taking place:

Hydraulic units from 30 MW of power are equipped with a group control system (GRAM) of active power, where 3 or more units are located. For each hydraulic unit there must be work instruction service. Overhaul is carried out once every 7 years at hydro turbines.

Service water supply of power plants

For the normal operation of the power plant equipment, measures are taken to ensure:

A constant supply of the required amount of liquid, of the required quality, to the cooling system.
Monitoring the cleanliness of turbine condensers, technical water supply pipeline systems.
Compliance with environmental protection measures.
Carrying out preventive measures to prevent deposits in industrial water supply systems, its "blooming".
Prevent the formation of scale in the return pipe of the cooling system of the units.
Carry out chlorination of water to maintain the required norms of 0.4-0.5 mg / dm3.
When water is treated with copper sulphate (fight against algae), its rate in water is 3-6 mg/dm3.
Clean out fouling systems.
When treating water, take into account the needs of non-energy industries, for household needs, as well as fish farming.

The coating that prevents the formation of corrosion in the process water supply system is restored as necessary. Sheets of cooling towers must be covered with a waterproofing layer. Water distribution systems are flushed seasonally, in spring and autumn. Cooling towers are cleaned once every 24 months from silt deposits.

Fuel and transport economy of power plants

normal work transport and fuel system of the power plant provide:

Activities required to receive fuel material to ensure the operation of the energy facility:

Accept fuel according to quality standards, weigh it.
Inventory of fuel material (liquid, solid fuel).
Use proven accounting tools (scales, measuring devices).
Maintain control and management equipment, protective devices and alarm systems (fire system, gas contamination) in working order. Supervisory control equipment must be calibrated and tested.

Fuel for a power facility

In order to operate the energy facility on it Three types of fuel are supplied:

Document SO 153-34.20.501-2003, displays in detail the requirements of the PTE for the organization of work with fuel material at power plants. Consider briefly electrical requirements to the equipment of power facilities.

Power plants and networks, electrical equipment

Current Rules indicate the requirements for electrical equipment of power plants:

Detailed requirements for electrical equipment of power plants specified in PTE the current document SO 153-34.20.501-2003.

Requirements for power cable lines

Each power facility must carry out maintenance of power lines power lines, for their technical condition, safe operation. Each cable line is checked for the maximum current load during commissioning. This load is distributed on sections of the cable trunk in places of the worst operating conditions. The heating of the cable cores should not exceed the normative parameters in the technical documentation.

Cable channels, structures should be provided with a control system: temperature, air condition, above the ventilation system. In cable wells, tunnels, mines, the air temperature in summer should not be more than 10 degrees higher than the outside air temperature.

cable routes, individual lines that have been in operation for more than 15 years, the permissible current overload is allowed no more than 10 percent. Overloading for cables with paper insulation rated for voltage of 35 kV is not allowed.

A cable line with a voltage of more than 1000 V is accepted for work when the following documents are provided:

Drawing of laying the cable line, if there are couplings with their connections.
A project that has been adjusted, agreed with the operating organization of the cable line for a voltage of more than 110 kV, if the brand of the used cable has changed, it is necessary to coordinate with the cable manufacturer.
Electrical drawing of the cable line, road crossings and communications. This is necessary for cable trunks from 35 kV, in difficult sections of cable routes with a voltage of 6-10 kV.
Documents are also submitted: for hidden work, cable magazines, acts of installation of couplings. The act of acceptance of protective devices from electrochemical effects on the cable line, the act of characterizing the insulation of the cable line. Other Required documents according to the requirements of the Rules.

Whole cable must be labeled that can withstand the impact external environment. Cable lines must be inspected according to the schedule reflected in local instructions based on the requirements of the Rules.