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regional sectoral within the firm (enterprise) intersectoral By scope of application

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By the object of application: Product innovations - focused on the production and use of new products (services) or new materials, semi-finished products, components Technological innovations - aimed at the creation and application of new technologies Process innovations - focused on the creation and functioning of new organizational structures, both within the company, and at the intersectoral level Complex innovations - are a combination of various innovations

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For reasons of occurrence: 1. Reactive innovations - ensure the survival of the company 2. Strategic innovations - their main goal is to obtain competitive advantages in the future By efficiency: - economic - social - environmental - integral

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Internal sources: Unexpected event (for the enterprise or industry) - success, failure, external event. Incongruence is a discrepancy between reality (as it really is) and our ideas about it. Innovations based on process needs. Sudden changes in the structure of an industry or market. External sources: Demographic changes Changes in perceptions, attitudes and values. New knowledge (both scientific and non-scientific) Sources of ideas for innovation.

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Innovation Functions: Reproductive Incentive Investment

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2. Innovative activity and innovative process.

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Innovation activity

This is an activity aimed at finding and implementing innovations in order to expand the range and improve product quality, improve technology and production organization. Innovative activity includes: Identification of enterprise problems; Implementation of the innovation process; Organization of innovation activity. - this is a system of measures for the use of scientific, scientific, technical and intellectual potentials in order to obtain a new or improved product or service, a new method of their production to meet both individual demand and the needs of society for innovation as a whole

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Main stages of innovation activity

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Innovation process

The process of transforming scientific knowledge into innovation, which can be represented as a sequential chain of events during which an innovation matures from an idea to a specific product, technology or service and spreads through practical use.

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Stages of the innovation process

1. Basic research; 2. Applied research; 3. Experimental - design development; 4. Mastering the production of a new product; 5. Concept, types and result of innovative activity.

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Structure of the innovation process

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The most typical reasons that can disrupt the normal course of the project:

Lack of coordination of resources and activities; Weak communication with stakeholders, leading to customer dissatisfaction; Insufficient estimation of the duration of work and costs of the project, leading to high costs time and money; Inadequate planning of resources and activities; Poor quality monitoring of the project, deviations are detected too late; Insufficient quality control of the product.

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Life cycle of innovation:

The life cycle is the period of time from the birth of an idea to the removal from production of an innovative product implemented on its basis. Stages of the life cycle of innovations: Origin (accompanied by the implementation of the necessary amount of research work, development and creation of an experimental batch of innovation) Growth (industrial development with simultaneous entry of the product to the market) Maturity (the stage of serial production or mass production and an increase in sales) Market saturation ( maximum production and maximum sales) Decline (curtailment of production and withdrawal of the product from the market)

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Principles of good project management aimed at avoiding problems and achieving successful results:

The project is presented final process with a specific start and end time; A project always requires management to achieve successful results; For complete coordination of actions, all project participants must clearly understand what the project is for, what goals it is supposed to achieve.

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Reengineering

is aimed at ensuring that not only each link in the business operates productively, but also that the entire system of their interaction is aimed at obtaining the maximum multiplier effect, i.e. the effect that cannot be obtained by everyone individually, but can be achieved through joint efforts, organized in an optimal way.

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Reengineering properties:

Rejection of obsolete rules and approaches and start business process as if "from scratch"; Disregard for the existing systems, structures and procedures of the company and a radical change in the way of doing business; Leading to significant changes in performance indicators, an order of magnitude different from the previous ones.

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Reengineering process

The desired image of the company is formed. A model of a real or existing business firms. A new business model is being developed. Introduction of the new business model into the economic reality of the company.

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innovation risk

The probability of losses arising from an investment by an entrepreneurial firm in the production of new goods and services that may not find the expected demand in the market.

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Innovation risk arises:

when introducing a cheaper method of producing a good or service compared to those already in use. when creating a new product or service on old equipment. in the production of a new product or service through new technology and technology.

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For an effective innovation policy in the Russian Federation, it is necessary:

ensure the demand for innovations from the main domestic consumers of knowledge and ideas - businesses. At the same time, it is necessary to promote domestic developments. stimulate an increase in the supply of innovative ideas from domestic manufacturers - scientific and research organizations. the state must, by all means available to it, ensure communication between domestic producers of knowledge and their consumers, if possible, not only within the country, but also at the international level. decide on an innovation strategy.

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Key performance indicators of an innovative project

Financial (commercial) efficiency, taking into account the financial implications for project participants; Budgetary efficiency, taking into account the financial implications for budgets at all levels; National economic efficiency, taking into account costs that go beyond the direct financial interests of the project participants and allow for monetary expression.

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Venture Capital

It is one of the most suitable sources of financing for the investments of innovative companies. Specially trained stock brokers attract funds from the capital market to create venture capital companies and funds. Venture capital funds buy shares or convertible bonds of companies. They do not invest in order to receive immediate dividends; they give the company the opportunity to start operating effectively, which will ultimately make it possible to profit from the investments made.

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Stages in the implementation of the project (or the activities of the company)

Pre-funding; seed funding; Other financing options at the initial stage; Financing the market expansion phase; Interim funding; Financing the acquisition of a share in the company's ownership by management; Financing the acquisition of a company's share in the ownership of the heads of other companies.

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What do venture capital companies need?

internal rate of return; market potential of the project; proposed project management team; intellectual property rights in technological breakthrough; investment size.

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Stages of the funding process

First Appeal A letter is sent to the venture capital fund, accompanied by a brief business plan. Interview The main project leaders are involved and the role of each of them is discussed. Reviewing the Business Plan The management of a venture capital fund reviews the business plan in great detail, especially the financial, sales, and earnings projections. Evaluation VC fund managers give a detailed evaluation of the business plan. Investment Opportunity Assessment The Company may receive a proposal for a possible investment. Generally, no venture capital fund will want to acquire more than 35% of a company's ownership. The detailed investment scheme is set out in a legally binding document called the Shareholders' Agreement.

Reduced costs per unit of production for the period T, (rub.)

Zt = St + EnKud where St is the cost in period T; En is the normative coefficient of efficiency; Kud - capital investments per unit of production, rub.; EnKud - standard profit, rub.

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Annual effect from the introduction of new equipment and technology (rubles)

En.t. = (Sbaz - Znov) Nnew =[(Sbaz - EnKbaz)–(Snew - EnKnov)]Nnew where Zbaz - reduced production costs per unit of production using the basic version of equipment and technologies, rub.; Znov - reduced costs for the production of products using new equipment and technologies, rub.; Nnew - the annual volume of production with the help of new equipment and technologies, units; Cbas - the cost of production of the base variant, rub.; Snov - the cost of production based on new equipment and technology, rub.; Kbaz - capital investments per unit of output of the base case, rub.; Knov - capital investments per unit of production based on new equipment and technology, rub.; En is the normative coefficient of efficiency.

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Total investment

Ksum \u003d Kn.r + Kt.p + Kob + Kosv where Kn.r is the cost of scientific research, design, experimental and pilot installations; Kt.p - the cost of purchasing, delivery, installation (dismantling) of equipment, technical training, adjustment and development of production; Kob - replenishment costs working capital enterprises associated with the creation and use of new technology; Kosv - costs (profit) from the production and sale of products in the period of development of production, preceding the billing period.

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"Quality Management System" - Benefits of implementing a quality management system. Russian certification systems. Lecturer - Ph.D. Trubchenko T.G. Most high level quality is currently achieved in Holland, Switzerland, Germany and the Scandinavian countries. International certification practice.

"IT Templates in Business" - Templates information technologies as a mechanism for implementing the company's strategy. IT templates in business - accounting. Literature. Patterns IT in business is a self-organizing system. IT patterns in business - business process automation. O. Polukeev, D. Koval. IT patterns in business - decision support system.

"Management Styles" - An example to follow. Reference style. First among equals. All over me! Teaching style. 6 management styles - 6 ways to the goal. Chief. Management styles and organizational climate. Consistency of decisions with the team, shared responsibility for the result. organization climate. Prophet, seer. Good cohesion of the team, friendly relations in the team.

"Modern technologies" - The current situation. Project organizational structure. 7. Situation at the Customer. GK " Modern technologies". 2. 4. 1. Training of personnel in new processes.

"Strategic management" - Table of contents (2). Some key strategic concepts(one). A look from the present into the future. Coordinate system (axes, units) Risks and compensations. Strategic management. Some key strategic concepts (3). Some key strategic concepts (2). I.G. Altshuler Strategic Management 2003.

"Innovation Management" - Composition of the firm's project portfolio. The main stages of the development of an innovative project. Kinds innovation strategy organizations. Topic: " Innovation management". Symptoms of resistance to innovation. The main criteria for the selection of innovative projects. The main sources of innovative ideas. Organizational forms innovative business integration.

Presentation on the topic: "Innovative technology"

Performed by a student of PNK-21 Kovyazina Anastasia

• Innovative technologies are a set of methods and tools that support the stages of innovation implementation.
• There are types of innovative technologies: implementation; training (training and incubation of small enterprises); consulting; transfer; audit; engineering.

• Innovative activity in its most complete development involves a system of interrelated types of work, the totality of which ensures the emergence of real innovations. Namely:
• ● research activities aimed at obtaining new knowledge about how something can be (discovery) and how something can be done (invention);
• ● project activities aimed at developing special, instrumental and technological knowledge about how, on the basis of scientific knowledge, under given conditions, it is necessary to act in order to get what can or should be (“innovative project”);
• ● educational activities aimed at Professional Development subjects of a certain practice, on the formation of each personal knowledge (experience) about what and how they should do in order for the innovative project to be embodied in practice (“implementation”).

• It is a complex of three interrelated components:
• Modern content, which is transmitted to students, involves not so much the development of subject knowledge, but the development competencies, adequate to modern business practice. This content should be well structured and presented in multimedia format. teaching materials, which are transmitted using modern means communications.
• Modern teaching methods are active methods of developing competencies based on the interaction of students and their involvement in the learning process, and not just on passive perception of the material.
• A modern learning infrastructure that includes information, technological, organizational and communication components that allow you to effectively use the benefits of distance learning.

• This is an education that is capable of self-development and that creates conditions for the full development of all its participants; hence the main thesis; innovative education is developing and developing education.
• At the moment, a variety of pedagogical innovations are used in school education. It depends, first of all, on the traditions and status of the institution.

• However, the following are the most characteristic innovative technologies.
• 1. Information and communication technologies (ICT) in subject education. The introduction of ICT into the content of the educational process implies the integration of various subject areas with informatics, which leads to the informatization of the consciousness of students and their understanding of the processes of informatization in modern society.

• 2. Person-oriented technologies in teaching the subject. Person-Centered Technologies put the personality of the child at the center of the entire school educational system, ensuring comfortable, conflict-free and safe conditions its development, realization of its natural potentials.
• 3. Information - analytical support educational process and management the quality of student education. The use of such innovative technology as the information-analytical method of managing the quality of education allows you to objectively, impartially track the development of each child individually, class, parallel, school as a whole over time.

• 4 . Monitoring of intellectual development.Analysis and diagnostics of the quality of education of each student with the help of testing and graphing the dynamics of progress.
• 5 . Educational technologies as the leading mechanism for the formation of a modern student. It is implemented in the form of involving students in additional forms of personality development: participation in cultural events according to national traditions, theater, centers children's creativity and etc.

• 6. Didactic technologies as a condition for the development of the educational process of educational institutions. This is independent work with the help of a textbook, a game, design and protection of projects.
• 7. Psychological and pedagogical support for the introduction of innovative technologies in the educational process of the school. A scientific and pedagogical substantiation of the use of certain innovations is supposed. Their analysis at methodological councils, seminars, consultations with leading experts in this field.

• Thus, education is inherently already an innovation. Applying these technologies in innovative teaching, the teacher makes the process more complete, interesting, rich. At the intersection of the subject areas of the natural sciences, such integration is simply necessary for the formation of a holistic worldview and worldview. Innovations include the introduction of ICT in the educational process, software interactive electronic boards supplied to schools, modernization projects.

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the main goal entrepreneurial activity- sustainable growth over a long period of time in the amount of profit, which is achieved largely due to the active innovation policy of the enterprise. Before proceeding with the production of new products and entering the markets with innovations, it is necessary to conduct a study of consumer demand and the market situation.

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A feature of the Russian market, generated back in the years of the administrative-command system of management, is the priority position of the producer in relation to the consumer. This type of market is called a "seller's market". Its meaning is that the product is first developed and produced, and then the search for consumers of this product and marketing methods is carried out. The "seller's market" actually sets the producer's dictate over the consumer, deprives him of the freedom of choice, and sometimes leads to a shortage of products.

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The experience of developed countries has shown that the "seller's market" is a serious obstacle to innovation, a brake on the development of the innovation market, the renewal of technologies and capacities, and the production of high-quality, competitive products. Objective regularities community development led to the need to enter the market with products that a potential buyer expects and that meets his requirements. In countries with developed market relations, there has been a reorientation of the production and marketing of new products to meet the needs and demands of the consumer, the "seller's market" has been replaced by the "buyer's market". Thus, the "buyer's market" that has won its position dictates to the entrepreneur the need to produce such products that the potential buyer agrees to purchase.

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In making decisions on the implementation of innovative activities of enterprises, a decisive role is played by marketing research of various market segments for which new products are intended. The basis for market segmentation is the grouping of buyers according to various parameters, including needs, income levels, age groups, geographical location, consumer attitudes, established traditions and habits, etc. Among the main areas marketing research The market for innovations should be goods, i.e. new products, services, technologies, information or other innovations offered for purchase by customers. At the same time, the life cycle of innovations should be taken into account, which is the period of time from the birth of an idea to the practical implementation of an innovation.

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The innovation life cycle covers four stages. At the first stage, fundamental research is carried out in scientific organizations as a result of which new scientific knowledge is formed. The second stage is characterized by applied and experimental studies with a practical focus. On the this stage there is a high probability of obtaining negative results, so the development of innovations is often risky. At the third stage, design and technological documentation is prepared, and the intermediate results of innovations are presented as prototypes of new products, experimental use of new technologies. The fourth stage - the commercialization of innovation - continues from the moment it is put into production until it appears on the market as a product.

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Information function. The market is sometimes compared to a giant computer that collects and processes a huge amount of primary information about the state of the market environment and provides generalized indicators necessary for an entrepreneur to make decisions. An example of such information may be data on the dynamics of market prices, on the basis of which it is possible to draw conclusions about the shortage or surplus of certain types of products.

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Intermediary Function Under conditions of normal market relations and developed competition, the consumer can choose a supplier that is acceptable to him, and the seller, in turn, can choose a buyer that suits him. Thanks to the market, the participants in the reproduction process have the opportunity to determine the feasibility and mutual benefit of economic and technological ties between them.

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Pricing function As a result of the interaction of sellers and buyers, the market sets mutually acceptable prices for goods that reflect socially necessary costs labor and encouraging the manufacturer to innovate to find ways to reduce production costs.

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Regulatory function It is considered the most important and is associated with the impact of the market on such important stages of expanded reproduction as production, exchange, consumption and accumulation. Thanks to the regulatory function, an optimal structure of the economy is formed, and competition between manufacturers of innovations develops.

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Sanitizing function Tough competition allows the economy to get rid of economically weak, chronically "sick", unpromising business structures and open the way for highly efficient economic units that pay due attention to innovation.

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Innovative activity is a process aimed at realizing the results of completed scientific research and developments or other scientific and technological achievements in a new or improved product sold on the market, in a new or improved technological process used in practice, as well as additional research and development related to this.

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In connection with innovation, two models of entrepreneurship are distinguished. The classical model is traditional, reproductive, and routine entrepreneurship. Within the framework of this model, the internal reserves of the enterprise are activated to increase profits and increase profitability. The success of such entrepreneurship is often linked to subsidies from the authorities.

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According to the degree of novelty, innovations are subdivided Basic innovations implement major inventions and are the basis for the formation of new generations and directions for the development of technology Improvement innovations are associated with the introduction of small and medium-sized inventions and prevail at the stages of distribution and stable development of the scientific and technical cycle Pseudo-innovations are aimed at partial improvement of obsolete types of technology and technology

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For reasons of occurrence, innovations are subdivided. Reactive innovations are aimed at the survival of the firm, they appear as a reaction to radical innovative transformations carried out by competitors. Strategic innovation is proactive and aims to gain significant competitive advantage over time.18

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Hence, each enterprise needs to create competitive advantages, and this can be done through the use of such a tool as innovation. At the same time, the faster the innovation process is carried out, the greater the likelihood of successful activity. Updating products, their timely appearance on the market increases the likelihood of making a profit, improves the efficiency of entrepreneurship and the development of the national economy.

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The development of innovation processes is influenced by various groups of factors: economic, technological, political, legal, organizational and managerial, socio-psychological, cultural. Some factors encourage innovation, while others hinder it. In the group of economic and technological factors, a positive impact on the innovative activity of an enterprise is provided by the presence of the necessary financial resources, material and technical means, progressive technologies, economic and scientific and technical infrastructure. Innovative activity is hindered by the lack or lack of funds for investment, the weakness of the material and scientific and technical base, the predominance of the interests of current production, etc.

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An innovator enterprise develops an innovative project in its structural divisions or, on the basis of a contract, attracts an organization specializing in innovative entrepreneurship. In the case of the implementation of large innovative projects, the second option is preferable. Financing of innovations is carried out at the expense of own, borrowed or borrowed funds, off-budget funds, budgets of various levels.

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Ecological effect is estimated by changing the state environment as a result of technical innovations and can be both positive and negative. Indicators of this effect can be the levels of concentration of harmful substances in the soil, water and air basins, nuclear radiation, industrial and transport noise, etc.

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Economic effect Saving social labor: reducing the cost of a unit of production, works and services, reducing operating costs, reducing specific capital investments. Volumetric economic effect: satisfaction of new social needs, an increase in the volume of sales on this basis, an increase in the mass of profits, an increase in national income. Structural economic effect. shifts in the distribution of resources between various areas of application of labor, territories, industries.

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The feasibility of implementing innovative activities is determined by calculating the annual economic effect The annual economic effect is the total savings in living labor, materials, capital investments, which is a consequence of the production and introduction of new products. Calculations should ensure the comparability of different options in terms of production volume, quality parameters, time factor , social factors production and use of products, including the impact on the environment.

No change in a company faces as much resistance as innovation in commercial activities: the presentation of innovations causes a reaction of rejection in the team, which must be overcome. This is due to stereotypical thinking, rejection of the new, the desire to maintain the status quo. To overcome these difficulties, explanatory work is needed in the form of trainings, seminars, and coaching.

Classification and life cycle of innovations

First, it is necessary to explain to employees what innovation is. This term is commonly understood as an innovation introduced into business processes. This is an invention that has no analogues in competing companies. It allows the company to maintain high growth dynamics and make a profit.

The life cycle of an invention begins with an idea. It can originate in the bowels of the enterprise, for example, in the form of a rationalization proposal or an employee's initiative. The source of the idea can be outsourcing (acquisition of the idea outside the firm).