Presentation on the topic of human evolution. Presentation on the topic "evolution". Functions and role of the teacher at this stage

1 slide

2 slide

The purpose of the lesson: Consider the main stages of human evolution. Lesson Objectives: To learn how to find the necessary information on the topic. Know how to prioritize. Learn to pronounce thematic terms correctly.

3 slide

Human Origins. One of the most interesting and complex topics studied in the course of general biology is the origin of man. Where, when and how did the human race originate? How did he spread across the earth? In the last century, there were two answers in European culture: one is given in the Bible, the other in the theory of Charles Darwin. Therefore, it was this question - whether man was created by God or descended from a monkey - that attracted the attention of the general public.

4 slide

Human Origins. Charles Darwin did not deny the existence of God, but he believed that God created only the initial species, while the rest arose under the influence of natural selection. Alfred Wallace, who came to the discovery of the principle of natural selection almost simultaneously with Darwin, in contrast to the latter, argued that there is a sharp line between man and animals in relation to mental activity. He came to the conclusion that the human brain cannot be seen as the result of natural selection. Man is an animal interested in its origin. Interest in one's own origin has been characteristic of man since ancient times. The longer scientists study the fossil record, the clearer the picture of the transformation of apes into humans becomes.

5 slide

Human Origins. Many species of primates followed the path of hominization, and Homo sapiens at the time of its appearance was simply a representative of one of several competing lines. That it was he who would succeed in the arena of evolution was not preordained. Today, most scientists adhere to the theory of the African origin of man and believe that the future winner in the evolutionary race arose in Southeast Africa about 200 thousand years ago and settled from there throughout the planet. Homo erectus appeared in Africa about 1.8 million years ago. He made more advanced stone tools found by paleontologists. Over several hundred thousand years, Homo erectus spread first through the Middle East, then into Europe and to the Pacific Ocean.

6 slide

Pedigree of a person. Parapithecus Dryopithecus Propliopithecus Chimpanzee Gorilla Gibbon Orangutan Australopithecus Ancient people (Sinanthropus, Pithecanthropus) Ancient people (Neanderthal) New people (Cro-Magnon) Human evolution

7 slide

Factors of anthropogenesis. Biological Social 1.Heredity 2.Variability 3.Isolation 4.Struggle for existence 5.Natural selection 1.Labor 2.Speech 3.Consciousness 4.Public life 5.Culture

8 slide

9 slide

The main stages of human evolution. Rectified Man Australopithecus Man from the Solo River Rhodesian Man Neanderthal Man Cro-Magnon Man Modern Man

10 slide

Pithecanthropus. Pithecanthropus (monkey-man) - was found in 1891 on the island of Java. Pithecanthropus was much larger than Australopithecus: it had a height of at least 170 cm, a brain volume of 850-900 cc. see Thus, Pithecanthropus can be considered a transitional link from apes to humans. He lived on earth 500 - 800 thousand years ago.

11 slide

12 slide

Sinanthropus. Sinanthropes lived at about the same time as Pithecanthropes, but the brain volume was somewhat larger. Near the remains of synanthropes, a variety of tools made of quartz, flint pebbles, deer antlers and bones were found.

13 slide

14 slide

Neanderthal. Neanderthal, named after the Neandertal valley (Germany), where in 1856 the remains of these people were first found. They lived in groups of 50 - 100 people in caves, where they constantly maintained fire, dressed in skins, made primitive tools, painted their bodies with patterns, had religious ideas and funeral rituals. Neanderthal tools were more perfect and had some specialization. The last Neanderthals lived among the first modern people, and then they were finally forced out by them.

15 slide

Modern type of people. The emergence of people of the modern physical type occurred about 50 thousand years ago. Their remains have been found in Europe, Asia, Africa and Australia. In the grotto of Cro-Magnon (France), several skeletons of fossil people of the modern type were found, they were called Cro-Magnons. They had a whole range of features: articulate speech, as indicated by a developed chin protrusion, construction of dwellings, the first rudiments of art (rock paintings), clothing, jewelry, perfect bone and stone tools, the first tamed animals - everything indicates that this real man, finally isolated from its animal-like ancestors. Cro-Magnons and modern people form one species - Homo sapiens - reasonable man; this species was formed no later than 100 - 40 thousand years ago.

16 slide

Cro-Magnon. Homo sapiens is Cro-Magnon, named after the place of the first discovery (Cave of Cro-Magnon in France). These were large people - up to 180 cm high, with a skull volume of up to 1600 cc. They lived from about 50,000 to 15,000 years ago, according to appearance markedly different from the Neanderthals. They made tools from stone, bone and horn, including composite tools, which indicates significant progress in this area.

17 slide

18 slide

The systematic position of man. Empire - Cellular Kingdom - Nuclear (Eucaryota) Kingdom - Animals (Animalia) Subkingdom - Multicellular (Metazoa) Phylum - Chordata (Chordata) Subphylum - Vertebrata (Vertebrata) Class - Mammals (Mammalia) Superorder - Placental (Placentabia) Order - Primates (Primates ) Suborder - Narrow-nosed monkeys (Catarhina) Family - People (Hominidae) Superfamily - Hominoids (Hominoidea) Genus - Human (Homo) Species - Homo sapiens

19 slide

Evidence of the animal origin of man: Comparative anatomical - a single plan for the structure of the bodies of a person and an animal, the presence of rudiments and atavisms in a person. Physiological - the similarity of the processes occurring in human and animal organisms. Embryological - similar stages of the embryonic development of humans and animals. Paleontological - finds of the remains of ancient humanoid creatures. Biochemical - similarity chemical composition intracellular environment of humans and animals. Genetic - the similarity of the number of chromosomes in humans and great apes.

20 slide

Scientists about man Heraclitus - organisms develop according to the laws of nature. Aristotle - compared and studied the development of organs, introduced the concept of "organism". Hippocrates - studied the influence of natural factors on human health. Claudius Galen - compared the structure of human and animal organs. Leonardo da Vinci - studied, described and sketched the structure of the human body. Andreas Vesalius - accurately described internal organs human body and skeleton. William Harvey - discovered two circles of blood circulation.

To use the preview of presentations, create a Google account (account) and sign in: https://accounts.google.com

Slides captions:

Origin and evolution of man

The main stages of human evolution Time boundaries Stages of anthropogenesis Specific traits development 40 thousand years ago Neoanthrope (Cro-Magnon) stage. Homo sapiens Formation of the appearance of modern man. The emergence of society. Domestication of plants and animals 200-500 thousand years ago Paleoanthrope (Neanderthal) stage. Neanderthal man The volume of the brain is 1200-1400 cm 3. High culture of making tools. Improvement of speech and tribal relations 1-1.3 million years ago Archanthropus (Pithecanthropus) stage. Homo erectus (Pithecanthropus - Java island; Sinanthropus - China, Atlanthropus - Africa, Heidelberg man - Europe) Brain volume 800-1200 cm 3. Formation of speech. Mastery of fire 2-2.5 million years ago Skillful man Transitional stage to the formation of the type of modern man. Brain volume 500--800 cm 5 . Production of the first tools (pebble culture) 9 million years ago Protanthropus stage. Australopithecus - the predecessors of people Transitional form of apes to humans. Upright. The use of primitive "tools" (sticks, stones, bones). Further development of herding 25 million years ago Common ancestors of great apes and humans - driopithecus Tree lifestyle, herd

1. Gran Valley, Spain Homo antecessor is evidence that early man appeared in Europe 800 thousand years ago. 2. Heidelberg, Germany The jaw, found in 1907, belonged to Homo heidelbergensis, who lived 500 thousand years ago. 3. Dmanisi, Georgia Homo erectus, who lived 1.7 million years ago, was possibly the first person to use fire and the first to migrate from Africa. 4. Zhoukoudian, China Bone fragments indicate that Homo erectus, known as Sinanthropus, reached East Asia 500,000 years ago. 5. Kenya, Nariokotome Homo ergaster, 1.6 million years old, found by Richard Leakey in 1984. 6. Lake Turkana, Kenya Kenyanthropus flat-faced (Kenyanthropus platyops). Age - 3.5 million years. Approximately the same age and the fossilized remains of Lucy (Australopithecus afarensis). 7 Buri, Ethiopia Australopithecus garhi. Age - 2.5 million years. Discovered in 1997. This is the main contender for the role of the "missing link" between humans and Kenyanthropes or Lucy's relatives. He may have been the first to use stone tools and eat meat. 8 Java Homo erectus

Human ancestors (hominids) The evolutionary lines leading to humans and chimpanzees separated (according to molecular data) approximately 5.5 - 6.5 million years ago (or, perhaps, somewhat earlier - up to 8 million years). The "human" line, or family Hominidae, is characterized by the most important common feature - bipedalism (walking on two legs). It is clear that the transition to bipedal walking was associated with significant changes lifestyle. Therefore, the emergence of a new family Hominidae is simultaneously the formation of a new adaptive zone.

Evolutionary tree of hominids

Sahelanthropus tchadensis The remains of one of the oldest hominids found in the desert lands of northern Chad, near the southern edge of the Sahara. An excellently preserved skull dating back to 6-7 million years old was found in 2001 at a place called Toros-Menella in the Dyurab Desert. The facial part of the skull combines both very primitive and relatively advanced features (in particular, rather weak fangs), and its teeth differ markedly from other finds. The size of the brain is very small (~ 350 cm3), and the cranium is elongated, which is more typical for monkeys. Such a mosaic of characters testifies to the earliest stages of the evolution of the group. In addition to the skull, fragments of the remains of five more individuals were found. In July 2002, an international team of 38 scientists described a new genus and species of hominids, Sahelantrophus tchadensis, from them. An analysis of the fossils collected together with the Sahelanthropus suggests that once there was a shore of a large lake, around which lay a savanna, turning into a sandy desert. On possible family ties S . tchadensis with other hominids and its place on the phylogenetic tree is still premature, but one thing is certain: after this discovery, it became clear that the oldest hominids were distributed in Africa much more widely than it could have been assumed until recently. Almost all previous African finds were dated to the so-called. Rift Valley in East and South Africa. Sahelanthropus, apparently, moved on two legs a x

Orrorin tugenensis Another ancient bipedal hominid was discovered on October 25, 2000 during excavations in Kenya near the Great Rift Valley (Aiello & Collard, 2001). Nicknamed the Millennium Man but officially named Orrorin tugenensis, the remains of the creature, made up of the bones of at least five individuals, were buried in rock that is more than 6 million years old. In size, this species is similar to modern chimpanzees. Judging by the skeletal remains, it can be assumed that he nimbly climbed trees, and also moved on the ground on his lower limbs. The structure of the teeth suggests that this species fed on plant foods typical of monkeys, but the reduced incisors and large molars indicate evolutionary trends consistent with human evolution.

Ardipithecus kadabba In 1997-2000 in the Awash Valley in Ethiopia, the remains of Ardipithecus were found from the Miocene times (5.2–5.8 million years ago). They were very similar to the previously known A.ramidus (4.4 million years ago) - see below, but still there were a noticeable number of differences. At first (2001), the bones were described as a new subspecies of Ardipithecus ramidus kadabba (“kadabba” in Afar means “founder of the genus”), later new finds were described, on the basis of which this form was given the status independent species. A jaw with teeth, several fragments of the bones of the arms and legs, and one toe, the structure of which indicates bipedal walking, were found. More teeth were later found. This species lived in the forest, not in the savannas.

Ardipithecus ramidus The next early hominin is Ardipithecus ramidus, found in Ethiopia, which lived 4.4 million years ago (Woldegabriel, Haile-Selassie, Renne, Hart, Ambrose, Asfaw, Heiken & White, 2001; White, Suwa & Asfaw, 1994 ). The remains of this species were found where forests were supposed to grow, but these creatures could be bipedal. The fact that both the Orrorin and the Ardipithecus lived in comparatively humid and wooded habitats calls into question the theory that environmental change spurred human evolution, pushing early hominids onto open savannahs, where bipedalism offered a key adaptive advantage. The teeth of the Ardipithecus, although more similar to those of humans than those of chimpanzees, were still fundamentally simian. It is possible that soft leaves and fiber-rich fruits were absent from the Ardipithecus menu.

Australopithecus

Australopithecus anamensis Following Ardipithecus about 4.2 million years ago (according to the latest updated data - between 4.17 and 4.12 million years ago), Australopithecus anamensis appeared (Leakey, Feibel & McDougall, 1995; Culotta, 1995). The structure of the bones of its legs suggests that this australopithecine was bipedal, but in the structure of the teeth and jaws it is very similar to later fossil apes. In some dental characters, this species is intermediate between Ardipithecus ramidus and Australopithecus afarensis. The authors of the find are convinced that this species was the ancestor of A. afarensis. Australopithecus anamensis lived in dry forests. Their remains have been found in Kenya.

Australopithecus afarensis East. Africa, 4-3 million years ago. This species has existed for a long time and may have given rise to several evolutionary lines. The remains of more than 300 individuals have been found (including the famous "Lucy"). There are many "monkey" signs: an elongated (prognathic) face, a U-shaped palate (with rows of molars parallel to each other, like in higher monkeys, unlike the "parabolic" palate of modern man); small brain box (430 cc, not much larger than that of a chimpanzee). But there are many differences from monkeys, the main of which is walking on two legs.

East Africa, Great Rift Valley 6 million years ago Early Australopithecus Orrorin tugenensis

South Africa, Swartkrans Caves 1.5 million years ago Massive Australopithecus Paranthropus robustus Insects, including larvae hiding in termite mounds, were one of the favorite treats of massive Australopithecus. Perhaps the desire to get them prompted the hominids to use tools. Breaking the hard calcareous shell of the termite mound with a stone, Australopithecus picked it with sticks or long animal bones. Their hands and intellect were already quite adapted for such complex actions.

East Africa, Afar Basin 3 million years ago Gracil Australopithecus afarensis A small group of Australopithecus roamed the savanna all day in search of food. Seeing a dark curtain of downpour on the horizon, they turned in the opposite direction and went along the dried-up riverbed. There they found the night. And in the morning the animals were awakened by a deaf, rapidly growing roar, followed in a moment by a huge stream of dirty water. In its powerful current, 13 Australopithecus, who did not have time to climb up the slope, died. This terrible discovery, called the "First Family", was discovered by an international anthropological expedition that worked in the Afar depression in 1975.

Footprints of two gracile australopithecines left on volcanic ash over 3 million years ago. Both creatures, no doubt, walked on two legs, that is, they were upright. Tanzania, Laetoli region Massive australopithecines often served as prey for leopards. Proof of this is the coincidence of the teeth of a predator with holes on the skull of a hominid

Kenyanthropus platyops In 1999, in Kenya, on the western shore of Lake Turkana, a skull was found that is estimated to be 3.5 million years old. It uniquely combined primitive and progressive neurocranial features. The find is the oldest complete skull of any member of the human family. Scientists who discovered it claim that the differences between the skull and the remains of other hominids are so great that it can be considered as belonging to a representative of not only a new species, but also a new genus. He was named Kenyanthropus platyops, i.e., a flat-faced man from Kenya. Kenyanthropus platyops has pronounced cheekbones, small molars and a less protruding jaw compared to Australopithecus afarensis (a contemporary of Kenyanthropus), which gives it a more human species. Despite this, Kenyanthropus platyops has a brain no larger than a chimpanzee's brain and small ear canals, like those of chimpanzees and Australopithecus anamensis, which lived 4.4 million years ago. This mixture of primitive and progressive traits shows that hominin evolution is neither constant nor consistently progressive. The structure of the teeth of Kenyanthropus platyops suggests that he fed on soft food. According to M. Leakey (leader of the team that discovered Kenyanthropus), this species could live in the same biotope with Australopithecus afarensis and not compete with it, occupying a different niche (Australopithecines, apparently, ate something tougher).

Australopithecus bahrelghazali The species was described in 1995 by Michel Brunet . The place is the ancient river bed of Bahr el Ghazal in Chad, 2500 km. west of the Rift Valley, where almost all other Australopithecus are found. It is thus the westernmost find of Australopithecus. Age 3.0 - 3.5 million years. The type specimen is an upper jaw with seven teeth. The material strongly resembles A. afarensis, and some authors therefore doubt the species status of this form (they believe that this is just a local variety of afarensis). However, there are important differences (premolars have three roots, while in afarensis premolars have 1-2 roots).

Australopithecus africanus South. Africa (Transvaal), 3.3 (or even 3.5) - 2.5 million years ago. (However, according to the latest data, the maximum age of the finds is probably 3 million years, and in this case this species did not live simultaneously with Australopithecus afarensis, Australopithecus bahrelghazali and Kenyanthropus platyops). It has a number of progressive features compared to the previous species: a more rounded skull, a larger brain volume, less primitive teeth and facial bones. However, the structure of the limbs appears to be more primitive than that of afarensis. There is as yet no consensus as to which species, afarensis or africanus, gave rise to the first humans (Homo). Subsequently, K.K. Brain showed that A . africanus were not hunters, but victims: some predators killed and brought both baboons and Australopithecus to these caves. The sabertooth Megantereon could have been such a predator. The spotted hyena and leopard may also have preyed on ancient hominids. Now many authors believe that Australopithecus (and later hominids) did not know how to hunt and ate carrion. An extreme representative of this point of view is B.F. Porshnev, who believed that the key behavioral adaptation of early hominids was the ability to break the marrow bones of animals killed and eaten by predators with stones and extract bone marrow, a very valuable food resource inaccessible to most predators and scavengers. It was also widely believed (at the end of the 20th century) that A. africanus fed mainly on fruits and leaves. An analysis of the isotopic composition of tooth enamel showed that the diet of this species was extremely diverse. It obtained its food mainly from the food chains of the savanna and, apparently, consumed both plant and animal food, easily adapting to any changes in food resources.

Australopithecus garhi Found in Ethiopia in 1997, described in 1999. "Garhi" means "wonderful" in Afar. The volume of the brain is approximately 450 cc. Age - 2.5 million years. Large molars and premolars bring this form closer to Paranthropus (see below), but in all other respects, kinship with Paranthropus is not confirmed. It has been suggested that A. garhi is a transitional form that is a direct descendant of A. africanus (according to another version - A. afarensis) and the ancestor of Homo habilis.

Paranthropus, or "robust" Australopithecus, is a lateral dead-end branch of ancient hominids. It used to be that they switched to a purely plant-based diet (that's why they have such powerful molars) and abandoned the hunting habits of their carnivorous ancestors - the "gracil" australopithecines A.afarensis and A.africanus. V Lately, however, evidence has been obtained that both Australopithecus and Paranthropus were omnivorous forms.

Paranthropus aethiopicus 2.7 million years ago in Vost. Africa appeared a new group ancient hominids - "robust", distinguished by very large molars (they are sometimes referred to as Australopithecus, sometimes they are isolated in a separate genus Paranthropus). It is believed that P. aethiopicus evolved from A. afarensis and was the ancestor of P. boisei.

Paranthropus boisei 2.3 - 1.0 million years ago, Vost. Africa. In this species, the tendencies of the "robust" evolutionary line are most fully expressed. Traditionally, these signs are interpreted as traits of extreme specialization in chewing coarse plant foods.

Paranthropus robustus 2.0-1.5 million years ago, South. Africa. The cheekbones are very wide, protruding forward (this indicates a powerful development of the chewing muscles). All "robust" forms are also characterized by a bone crest on the crown, which served to attach the masticatory muscles. robustus had a large face, flat and round, without a forehead, with large brow ridges and very small front teeth. The brain of this species had an average volume of about 520 cubic centimeters. Apparently, this species was able to make primitive bone tools, with the help of which it opened up termite mounds and extracted termites from there. Isotopic analysis of tooth enamel showed that this species was an omnivore, and not a specialized "chewer of coarse plant foods", as previously thought.

According to Leakey and his colleagues, the dividing line between Australopithecus (in the broad sense, including Paranthropus) and "people" (Homo) should be considered a brain volume of more than 600 cubic meters. see and, most importantly, the manufacture of stone tools. However, brain volume does not appear to be a reliable criterion. First, the species H was described in 2004. floresiensis (see below) with a brain volume of 380 cc. (despite the fact that by all other features it is an undoubted representative of the genus Homo). Secondly, a reasonable opinion has been expressed that Kenyanthropus (see above), which also had a small brain, should also be included in the genus Homo.

Homo habilis 2.4 - 1.5 million years ago, Vost. Africa. The volume of the skull is about 670 cubic meters. see. This ancient representative of the genus Homo already made primitive stone tools (hence the name - "handy man"). These tools are roughly processed pebbles (the so-called Olduvai culture, photographs of tools. One of the skulls of H. habilis is above the title of this page. The molars of H. habilis were smaller than those of A. africanus, but significantly larger than those of brain size averaged 650 cubic centimeters and ranged from 500 to 800 cubic centimeters. inner surface skull revealed a rudimentary protrusion in Broca's field, inextricably linked with speech in modern humans (in monkeys, this part of the brain is responsible for facial expressions - also a means of communication!). Habilis was 1.5 meters tall and supposedly weighed about 45 kilograms. Males were larger than females, but habilis did not have such a pronounced difference in size between the sexes as A. afarensis.

Homo rudolfensis 1.8 million years ago, Vost. Africa. This skull was first assigned to H. habilis, but V.P. Alekseev in 1986 singled it out in separate view H. rudolfensis. Skull volume 775 cu. see - much more than Australopithecus and more than typical habilis. H. rudolfensis is also distinguished by the weak development of the supraorbital ridge. The flat face of Homo rudolfensis suggests a close relationship to Kenyanthropus platyops (Leakey et al., 2001).

Homo georgicus Homo georgicus. Another sensational discovery of recent years. Found in Dmanisi (Georgia) in 2001, described in 2002 (main author - David Lordkipanidze). Age 1.8 million years. This is the oldest find of hominids (and people) outside of Africa (it is also the most primitive). The form is presumably interpreted as transitional between H. habilis and H. ergaster. Brain volume 600-680 cc. Height 1.5 m. 3 skulls and part of the skeleton were found (Vekua et al . 2002, Gabunia et al . 2002). The find forces us to reconsider old theories about when and why people settled outside of Africa. Now it is clear that the first to do this were not smart and progressive pithecanthropes (ergasters or erectus), but forms transitional between pithecanthropes and ancient Homo, which still had a very small (same as that of habilis) brain. The stone tools found together with human bones in Dmanisi are quite primitive, only slightly more advanced than the Olduvian tools of the habilis, but they are still far from the double-sided erectus cutters.

Homo ergaster Previously, these African ancient people (who lived 1.9 - 1.6 million years ago) were combined into one species with Asian Homo erectus, but later most scientists began to attribute them to a special species. The skull is rounded, superciliary arches are strongly developed. The teeth are small, especially compared to Australopithecus. It differs from erectus in thinner cranial bones, a weak occipital protrusion, etc. The volume of the brain is 880 cubic meters. see Transition from oldest humans (H. habilis/H. rudolfensis) to H. ergaster was the most important qualitative leap in the evolution of hominids. It's not just about a slightly larger brain. Perhaps it is H. ergaster is the "author" of two most important inventions: a double-edged axe, shaped like a fang of a predatory animal (H. habilis used only chipped pebbles with a single cutting edge) and the use of fire (the oldest fire pits found in Africa are over 1 million years old) . However, it is possible that these inventions were made not by the Ergasters, but by their direct descendants - the early representatives of H. erectus (see below). There is no doubt, however, that when passing from H . habilis/H. rudolfensis, there were two important changes: 1) The size of the body increased sharply. This is directly related to the second change, namely: 2) The proportion of animal food in the diet has increased. This has traditionally been explained by the fact that H. ergaster has learned to hunt large and medium game more effectively. Recently, however, arguments have been made that H . ergaster was a scavenger after all, and simply learned to compete more effectively with other scavengers.

Homo erectus The first find of this species is a skullcap discovered in Java by Eugene Dubois. It was the first human fossil discovered outside of Europe. The find was described under the name Pithecanthropus erectus. Later, about 40 more specimens of this species were found in Java. Similar remains (up to 300 individuals) were found in the Zhoukoudian cave near Beijing. They have been described as Sinanthropus pekinensis. In the 50s. 20th century Mayr suggested that all these finds, as well as some others made in Asia and Europe, belong to the same widespread species (Homo erectus). The representatives of erectus, who lived 1.5 million years ago, had a brain volume of about 900 cubic centimeters. Later erectus, who lived 700-500 thousand years ago, were the owners of a brain with a volume of approximately 1100 cubic centimeters. One of the characteristic features of these hominids was very thick brow ridges and an elongated, low skull. The teeth are almost like those of a modern person, but the molars are somewhat larger, and the lower jaw is more massive, the chin was absent. From the neck down, Homo erectus looked very much like modern humans. It is assumed that H. erectus is descended from the African H. ergaster about 1.6 million years ago and populated the south of Asia, including the islands of Indonesia. Previously, it was believed that H. erectus became extinct c. 300,000 years ago, giving way to more progressive Homo populations. However, it has recently been shown that some finds from Java are only 50,000 years old. Thus, individual populations of H. erectus existed for a very long time and were even contemporaries of Homo sapiens (H. sapiens). H. erectus certainly already knew how to use fire (a multi-meter layer of ash in the fire in the Zhoukoudian cave; fires more than 1 million years old were found in Africa) and devoured their own kind (human bones split lengthwise to extract the brain, etc.). The most characteristic stone tool H. erectus, a double-edged, tooth-like axe, was a versatile tool, but probably primarily used for butchering carcasses ("Acheulian culture").

Homo floresiensis On the island of Flores (Indonesia), the remains of a previously unknown dwarf species of people who lived 38-18 thousand years ago were recently found. This species (named Homo floresiensis) is thought to be a side branch of the human evolutionary tree, a descendant of isolated island populations of Homo erectus (Pithecanthropus). Judging by stone tools, pithecanthropes appeared on Flores 850 thousand years ago. There, in the conditions of island isolation, they were crushed and changed so much that their descendants had to be isolated into a separate species. The growth of Homo floresiensis was only about a meter, the brain volume was about 380 cubic meters. see (about like a chimpanzee), they were upright, devoid of hair. They were distinguished by deep-set eyes, a flat nose, and protruding jaws with large teeth. They wielded fire, made quite perfect stone tools, and possibly hunted large animals (local pygmy elephants - stegodons). Local legends are full of references to "little people" who lived in the area until the arrival of Europeans in the early 1500s. H. floresiensis could be called "pygmy pithecanthropes", but in real pygmies, short stature is associated with mutations that disrupt growth hormone synthesis and/or tissue sensitivity to this hormone. At the same time, the head and brain of the pygmies remained large, as in the rest of H. sapiens. Dwarfism H. floresiensis - of a different nature, because affects both the head and the brain. The authors of the find indicate that their discovery changes the idea of ​​the adaptive capabilities of the genus Homo. Apparently, our species is much more plastic in evolutionary terms than is commonly believed. The authors believe that a number of other specialized, evading populations and species of the genus Homo can be expected to be found.

Homo antecessor About a million years ago, African populations of Homo erectus evolved into a new species, Homo antecessor. The species was described in 1997 (Bermudez de Castro, Arsuaga, & Carbonell, 1997). Populations of this species migrated north to Europe. The remains of Homo antecessor have been found in caves in northern Spain. Artifacts (objects of artificial origin) and fossil remains of animals found along with the remains of antecessor indicate that these people were skilled hunters of large animals. Traces of human teeth on the bones of Spanish antecessors signal cannibalism. Geomagnetic dating of the Spanish finds determines the exact age of the remains at least 780 thousand years (according to the latest data - 800 thousand years). This makes them one of the most ancient people found in Europe. The antecessor's head had an unusual mixture of Neanderthal and modern human characteristics. They had large brow ridges, a long and low skull, a massive lower jaw without a chin, and large teeth, like a Neanderthal. The face, on the contrary, was relatively flat and did not protrude forward, that is, it was similar to the face of a modern person. The volume of the brain is about 1000 cc. The authors of the new species believe that it was a common ancestor of the Heidelberger (and through him, the Neanderthal) and sapiens. But there are other opinions as well. It is indicated that the similarity with the Heidelbergians and Neanderthals is small, while with the sapiens, on the contrary, there is a very large similarity in the structure of the facial part of the skull. Perhaps this was the first unsuccessful attempt to colonize Europe.

Homo heidelbergensis This species usually includes forms that are transitional between H. erectus and H. sapiens, who lived about 800,000 to 200,000 years ago. The lower jaw is very similar to a human, but without a chin protrusion (usually associated with underdevelopment - or poor development - of speech). Previously, these forms were simply called "archaic H. sapiens". After genetic analysis showed that the lines of Neanderthals and modern. people diverged 500-600 thousand years ago, "Heidelberg man" can no longer be considered simply a "common ancestor" of both (as shown in the above evolutionary tree). Either he is the ancestor of only Neanderthals, or within this species one must look for two parallel, but not crossing lines leading from H. antecessor to Neanderthals and modern. people, respectively. By the way, there is practically no doubt now that the Heidelberger was the immediate ancestor of the Neanderthal. The Heidelbergers apparently already owned throwing weapons. Throwing spears were found in Germany (from the trunks of young spruce trees with a sharpened butt, without tips) about 400 thousand years old. Their center of gravity is located in the same way as modern throwing spears.

Homo neanderthalensis Neanderthals inhabited Europe and the West. Asia (from Spain to Uzbekistan) at the end of the Pleistocene (200,000 - 28,000 years ago). The climate then was colder, and during the existence of the Neanderthals several times there were ice ages. Neanderthals, apparently, are NOT the direct ancestors of modern. humans, they are independently descended from the Pithecanthropus. Comparison of mitochondrial DNA showed that the lines leading to the Neanderthal and modern man diverged 500-600 thousand years ago (more precisely, this is the time when their last common "foremother" existed; the common "forefathers" theoretically could have been later). Neanderthals are different from modern a person with a lower forehead, protruding occiput, superficial arches. The volume of the brain - as in modern. people or more. They already knew how to make fire. They ate almost exclusively meat (hunting), cannibalism was very common. The first mystical/religious beliefs appeared: they were already burying their dead and decorating the graves with flowers. The culture of the Neanderthals (the so-called "Mousterian", or, what is the same, the Middle Paleolithic culture) is, first of all, double-edged axes, sharpened to a higher quality than similar tools H. erectus; as well as various flakes used for butchering carcasses. The Neanderthals also had wooden spears for close combat with stone tips. At a later time, already during contacts with sapiens (see below), the beginnings of art appeared among Neanderthals (a necklace of bear claws, something like "flutes" - bones with drilled holes, which, however, could serve to make fire, and not for musical exercises, see also below for a report of a recently found Neanderthal "sculpture".

Neanderthals inhabited Europe during one of the most severe periods - during the last glaciation. Therefore, they sewed clothes from animal skins and escaped from the cold in caves or in dwellings made from the skins of dead animals.

Neanderthal

Homo sapiens The volume of the brain is on average 1300 cubic meters. see Flattened, high, almost vertical forehead. Superciliary ridges are reduced. The oldest finds in Africa - 195,000 years ago; in Zap. Asia - more than 90,000 years ago. Approximately 60-80 thousand years ago, the great expansion of H began. sapiens. At first, apparently, they moved to southern and southeastern Asia, where there were no Neanderthals, and relict H populations could be the only competitors. erectus (eg in Java - see above) and exotic endemic forms like H. floresiensis. Representatives of this "wave" of settlement penetrated into Australia (about 50 thousand years ago), where, apparently, they caused extremely rapid desertification of the continent and the mass extinction of large animals. From the bones of an ancient Australian, ca. 50 thousand years, it was possible to extract mitochondrial DNA - it turned out to be very different from what is found in modern people). This indicates at least several waves of sapiens settlement, and that some of these waves may not have left descendants among modern people.

Cro-Magnon

Cro-Magnon rock art

Cro-Magnons often settled in caves. But more often they built dwellings on their own, using the bones and skins of animals killed in the hunt.

Philosophical Aspects Man is not an evolutionary "accident" and even more so not a "mistake of evolution". The main path of the evolution of life on Earth almost inevitably led to the emergence of a rational being. The most important difference between man and animals is the ability to reflect, to know oneself. Only a person is able to "look at himself from the outside."

Primate evolution

The evolution of primates. The position of man in the system of the organic world. Evidence of human animal origin. The difference between humans and apes. Anthropogenesis. The driving forces of anthropogenesis. Social Labor activity Public way of life Speech Thinking Culture. Unspecialized insectivorous mammals. ancient primates. Gibbons. Orangutans. Dryopithecus. Chimpanzee. Gorilla. Person? The sequence of branches of various representatives of primates in the course of evolution. human predecessors. Dryopithecus. Ramapitek. Australopithecus. Australopithecus was the link between the animal world and the first people. - Primate evolution.ppt

human evolution

The evolution of human development. The purpose of the lesson: Consider the main stages of human evolution. Lesson Objectives: To learn how to find the necessary information on the topic. Know how to prioritize. Learn to pronounce thematic terms correctly. Human Origins. Where, when and how did the human race originate? Interest in one's own origin has been characteristic of man since ancient times. Homo erectus appeared in Africa about 1.8 million years ago. Pedigree of a person. Parapithecus. Dryopithecus. Propliopithecus. Chimpanzee. Gorilla. Gibbon. Orangutan. Australopithecus. Ancient people (Sinanthropus, Pithecanthropus). - Human evolution.ppt

The evolution of human development

Human Origins. Directions of ideas about the origin of man. The resemblance of man to animals. specific features of a person. Anthropology. Rudiments. Atavisms. The systematic position of man. The evolution of primates. What happened to the climate at the end of the Cenozoic era. Australopithecus. A skilled man. The driving forces of anthropogenesis. Stages of human development. Ancient people. Pithecanthropus. Sinanthropus. Heidelberg man. Ancient people. Modern people. The current stage of human evolution. - The evolution of human development.ppt

Man and evolution

Topic: “The position of man in the system of the animal world. The evolution of hominids". "Try to give the mind as much food as possible." L. N. Tolstoy. The evolution of the animal world. From the Greek "anthropos" - - "man" from the Greek "logos" - - "teaching". Anthropology. Anaximander of Miletus (610-547 BC) Aristotle, Democritus, Empedocles. Nicholas Tulp - 16th century. Carl Linnaeus - 18th century. M.V.Lomonosov, A.Kaverznev, K.Rulie. J. Buffon, J. B. Lamarck, E. J. Saint-Hilaire. C. Darwin - 1871 - "The Descent of Man". The Water Monkey Hypothesis. Hypothesis of the Great Hunter. Axial skeleton - Tubular structure Respiratory - chord. - Man and evolution.ppt

Man and monkey

Biology presentation on the topic: “Human evolution”. Contents: New data on the origin of man. New data on the origin of man. Stages of human origin. Archaeologists have discovered the remains of the very first direct human ancestor. Fossil monkeys. The fossil remains of ancient apes and the first people are extremely few. It was there that most of the evidence for human evolution was found. The most ancient of the snipe-nosed monkeys are found in eastern Algeria. Paleontological evidence for the origin of man. Accordingly, children were born with ever larger heads. - Man and Monkey.ppt

Man and his development

Finding context for gender issues within human development: But as professionals: How can we analyze the phenomenon? What can we convince the interlocutor? What can we prove? Revolution in two stages: Revolution of Mahbub Ul Haq: Human well-being is the ultimate goal of development. Sen evolution: ethical standards and values. At the same time, freedom is the main goal and the main means of development. Human development is not the same as: Human development? The economic growth. With this growth, women play subordinate roles in running the economy. Human development includes:- Man and his development.ppt

human evolution biology

A fragment of the lesson on the topic: “The driving forces of anthropogenesis. Stages of human evolution. Purpose: to consider the driving forces of anthropogenesis: biological and social. driving forces of evolution. Tasks: a) Determine which human predecessors switched to a terrestrial way of life and upright posture? What changes in the skull are associated with the appearance of a second signaling system in humans - speech? d) Compare the tools of labor of anthropoids and hominids. How did the manufacture and use of tools affect the process of anthropogenesis? e) Compare the great ape, Australopithecus and the most ancient man. - human evolution biology.ppt

Biological evolution of man

Human nature. Anthropogenesis is the theory of the origin of man. Stages of anthropogenesis. Task: Fill in the table based on the textbook material p. 28-29. Ramapitek. Australopithecus. A skilled man. Upright man. A reasonable person. What is the sense of life? Two sides of the issue. Objective. Subjective. Everyone decides for himself. Philosophical view. The meaning and purpose of human life in the views of philosophers. Task: fill in the table based on the textbook p. 30. Human sciences. - Human biological evolution.ppt

Origin and evolution of man

The problem of correlation between biological and social: anthroposociogenesis. 1. The concept of anthroposociogenesis. Modern science about the main factors, stages and patterns of anthroposociogenesis. The problem of the origin of human language. History of culture: criteria for separating man from animals. Descartes, Hobbes, Hegel: reason, consciousness, articulate speech. The place of Homo sapiens in the hierarchy of the living. Stage concept of anthroposociogenesis. Anthropogenesis. The concept of "mitochondrial Eve". The conclusion is based on an analysis of the worldwide distribution of mitochondrial DNA types. Genogeography. - Origin and evolution of man.ppt

Man's place in life

Child of the Earth. The place of man in the system of the organic world. Branch of natural science. Suborder Apes. Type Chordates. Subtype Vertebrates. Class Mammals. Subclass Placental. Squad of Primates. Suborder Apes. Research. - Man's place in life.ppt

The position of man in the animal kingdom

The position of man in the animal system. Determining the signs of a person. Theories of the origin of man. Totemic theories of the origin of man. Theistic theories of the origin of man. Theories of panspermia. Evolutionary theories of the origin of man. Aristotle. Linnaeus Carl. Lamarck Jean Baptiste. Darwin Charles Robert. The systematic position of man in the organic world. Signs of ancestors characteristic of the human embryo. Signs of an arboreal lifestyle. Fertility limitation. Life in the herd. - The position of man in the animal world.ppt

The main stages of human evolution

The main stages of human evolution. Man and great apes are two different branches of the family tree. Australopithecus. Ancient people. Ancient people. The first modern people. Generalization about the stages of anthropogenesis. Pedigree of a person. Parapithecus. Dryopithecus. Propliopithecus. Gibbon. Orangutan. Chimpanzee. Gorilla. Austalopithecines. ANCIENT PEOPLE (Pithecanthropus, Sinanthropus). ANCIENT PEOPLE (Neanderthal). FIRST MODERN (Cro-Magnon, modern man). The scheme of anthropogenesis. The driving forces of anthropogenesis. Biological. Heredity, variability. The struggle for existence, natural selection. - The main stages of human evolution.ppt

Human development

Live and learn. Targets and goals. Research methods. 1 Search 2 Analytical 3 Research of popular scientific literature. Hypothesis. Work plan. Conclusion. The appearance of man is a huge leap in the development of wildlife. As a result of evolution, there is a need for knowledge. Mankind has come a long way from parchment - a book-notebook. Advanced technologies are being created in industry; agriculture. Man goes into space. Ancient people. A representative of the first stage of the transformation of apes into humans. Ancient people. Ancient people represented a more progressive type of man. - human development.ppt

human development biology

Man is an omnivore. Targets and goals. Research methods. Research; Search; Research of popular science literature. Hypothesis. Humans have different ways of eating. Work plan. Australopithecus. Adaptation to the environment. Neanderthals. Cro-Magnons. A reasonable person. Australopithecus was the link between the animal kingdom and the first people. They lived in an equatorial climate. A massive jaw with a sloping chin protrudes strongly forward. There is a supraorbital ridge on the low sloping forehead. Pithecanthropus. The jaws strongly protruded forward, there was no chin protrusion. - human development biology.ppt

Races of man

"The current stage of human evolution". Purpose: To introduce students modern stage person. Basic concepts for the lesson: race, racial science, racism, miscegenation, social Darwinism. Equipment: tables for general biology. Morphological features of races. What underlies the division of mankind into races? What is a race? The division of mankind into races is based on morphological features. Races are a group of people with common biological characteristics, but with different morphological features. The emergence of races and the mechanisms of racegenesis. Evidence that human races belong to the same biological species. - Human Races.ppt

Biology Race

"All people are brothers and sisters." "From monkey - to man, from man - ...". Educational project in biology Project participants: 11th grade students. Supervisor: teacher of biology Erokina E.N. Project duration. Fundamental question. What miracle of nature is man? Subjects - biology, history, geography, ecology. Problem question. How did human ancestors evolve? Questions of the educational topic: What evidence can be given for the origin of man from animals? What are the driving forces of anthropogenesis, biological and social factors? What directions in human evolution can be identified? - Race Biology.ppt

Races on Earth

Races of the Earth. Caucasian race. characteristics of the race. Bright skin. Thin lips. Straight or wavy hair Live in: Europe America Australia. Mongoloid race. Negroid race. The ratio of races on Earth. Mixed races. Mestizos are descendants from marriages of the Caucasian and Mongoloid races. Mulattos are descendants of marriages of Caucasian and Negroid races. Mulatto. Sambo-descendants from marriages of the Mongoloid and Negroid races. - Races on Earth.ppt

human races

human races. Modern humanity is represented by a single biological species Homo sapiens. Species Homo sapiens. Caucasoid (Eurasian). Caucasoid. Mongoloid (Asian-American). Australo-Negroid (equatorial). Mongoloid. American. Australoid. Negroid. Kolesnikov S.I., 2004. Characteristics of large human races. Characteristics. Races. Equatorial. adaptive value. Caucasian race. Caucasians. The narrow elongated straight nose warms the cold air. Brunn. Alpine. Biscay. North Indian. Armenoid. - Human Races.ppt

Origin of races

Human Origins. The evolution of primates. Factors of anthropogenesis. The position of man in the animal world. Proof of the evolutionary origin of man. Origin and evolution of man. In the 17th century, descriptions of great apes first appeared in literary sources. Evidence for the origin of man from animals. Driving forces of human evolution. The process of human origin is called anthropogenesis. Labor begins with the manufacture of tools. Predominant living on earth led to the replacement of vegetarianism with omnivores. The use of fire led to a decrease in the mass of the jaw apparatus and a shortening of the intestines. -

slide 2

slide 3

Australopithecus

About 4 million years ago, or somewhat earlier, a group of erect walking monkeys appeared, which modern science called australopithecines. Despite being bipedal, Australopithecus had a brain no larger than that of a chimpanzee. These animals have achieved very great success on the path of evolution. They lived in equatorial Africa for at least two million years. The era of Australopithecus lasted about as long as the era of their heirs of the genus Homo, from which our species subsequently emerged.

slide 4

Australopithecus were omnivorous; presumably for attack and for defense they used animal bones, sticks, stones, it is possible that the most developed species knew how to process them a little.

slide 5

skillful man

A skilled man, judging by the remains found dating back to 2.6-3.5 million years ago, existed for more than half a million years. The mass of the brain of this hominid was 650 grams, which was much more than that of typical Australopithecus. It also differed from Australopithecus in the structure of the pelvis, which provided more perfect bipedalism and the birth of more “heady” cubs.

slide 6

A skilled man - apparently, the first creature who consciously made tools for labor and hunting: the first still roughly processed stone pebbles (tools of the Olduvai culture) - the so-called axes - were repeatedly found along with the remains of this creature.

Slide 7

Pithecanthropus

Pithecanthropus is a fossil subspecies of humans, once considered as an intermediate link in evolution between Australopithecus and Neanderthals. At present, Pithecanthropus is considered as a local variant of Homoerectus (along with Heidelberg man in Europe and Sinanthropus in China), which is characteristic exclusively for Southeast Asia and did not give rise to direct human ancestors. It is possible that the direct descendant of the Javanese man is the Floresian man.

Slide 8

Neanderthal

The Neanderthal was the first representative of the Homo sapiens species. The people who lived in the Mousterian time, in many of their characteristics, were significantly higher than the most ancient people of the Pithecanthropus or Sinanthropus type. Their remains were first discovered in Europe in 1856 in the Neandertal valley (Germany). The structure of the vocal apparatus and the brain of Neanderthals allows us to conclude that they could speak.

Slide 9

Neanderthals were engaged in gathering and hunting. Although there are versions that they did not hunt so much as picked up carrion killed by other predators. Neanderthals buried their dead. The culture of the Neanderthals (the so-called "Mousterian", or, what is the same, the Middle Paleolithic culture) is, first of all, double-edged axes, sharpened better than similar tools of H. erectus; as well as various flakes used for butchering carcasses. The Neanderthals also had wooden spears for close combat with stone tips. At a later time, already during contacts with sapiens (see below), the beginnings of art appeared among Neanderthals (a necklace of bear claws, something like "flutes" - bones with drilled holes, which, however, could serve to make fire, and not for musical exercises