Cupid profile aspx. Confidential Information Leaks: Threat Profile. New family dream book

At the end of June, the American research center ITRC (Identity Theft Resource Center) published information about information leaks for the first half of this year. According to the ITRC, during this period, 336 public information leaks occurred in the United States, and the total number of victims reached 17 million people.

The frequency with which information leaks occur is growing incredibly fast: in the last three years alone, it has almost quadrupled (Fig. 1). Every year, information leaks are becoming an increasingly significant security problem, and the fight against them is the idee fixe of specialists in this field. However, in order to effectively deal with leaks, it is necessary first of all to know how they occur and what tools exist to deal with them.

Rice. 1. The number of public information leaks,
recorded in the United States
(source: ITRC, Perimetrix, 2008)

The report of the Perimetrix company, published at the end of the first quarter of this year, was chosen as the initial data for studying the problem. As part of the preparation of the report, Perimetrix specialists collected and analyzed information on hundreds of different incidents that occurred in different parts of the world. The statistics obtained can be quite trustworthy, since all the incidents considered took place in real organizations.

In fig. 2 shows the distribution of leaks by the main types of their causes. It is easy to see that four main types of leaks accounted for the overwhelming majority (84%) of incidents, with almost half of this share (40%) being accounted for by the most popular threat - media theft. In this article, we will try to consider the specifics of each of the identified threats, as well as give recommendations on how to reduce their danger.

Rice. 2. Distribution of leaks by main types of threats
(source: Perimetrix, 2008)

Steal the host (40%)

Media theft is the most common type of incidents that occur as a result of theft or loss of various digital media of confidential information. Most of these leaks are due to theft of laptops, but other options are possible (Fig. 3). “In our practice, there were incidents caused by the theft of flash drives, backup tapes, hard disks and even outdated floppy disks,” says Alexey Dolya, Development Director of Perimetrix.

Rice. 3. Frequently missing media
(source: Perimetrix, 2008)

From a security point of view, it doesn't matter which medium is stolen. Of course, reading data from a tape is more difficult than inserting a flash drive into a USB port, but an attacker will most likely be able to solve this problem - if he wanted to. The damage from a leak is little dependent on the type of media used, but each of them must be protected.

Today, there are several ways to minimize the risks of such leaks. The most basic of these — limiting the use of mobile media — is ineffective from a business standpoint. In addition, it does not prevent leaks associated with theft of office equipment.

The second method involves controlling the movement of confidential information and also does not protect against "office" leaks. Full protection is provided only by mandatory encryption of all secret information, not only on mobile media, but also in places of stationary storage. Separately, we emphasize that all other protection methods (for example, various passwords and biometrics) without encryption are ineffective.

According to Perimetrix, most of the carriers disappear from the office space, not from the homes of certain employees (Fig. 4). Thus, it makes sense for organizations to strengthen the physical security of their offices, while not forgetting to encrypt information.

Rice. 4. Place of missing equipment
(source: Perimetrix, 2008)

The abundance of leaks from offices once again shows that it is necessary to encrypt not only laptops and other mobile devices, but also other stationary storage media of confidential information. Of course, stealing a laptop discreetly is much easier than taking out a server, but such a risk is also possible.

Almost a third (29%) of reported incidents are related to transport leaks: theft from trucks, theft of cars with laptops and other similar incidents. Perimetrix experts note that "transport" leaks are specific - in most cases, the services for the transportation of drives are carried out by third-party organizations, which are extremely difficult to control. However, the same encryption allows you to minimize the risks and "transport" leaks.

Hacker attack (15%)

This broad group of incidents includes all leaks that have occurred as a result of an external invasion. Any attack technology can be used for intrusion, be it installing malware, cracking vulnerabilities, SQL injection, etc. The main difference between a hacker attack and all other types is that it occurs with the participation of external persons who take some kind of active action. Note that access to confidential information is not necessarily the primary target of an attack. But if it was somehow received, then the leak has occurred.

Probably, no organization can fully protect itself from a hacker threat today. We consider this term in the broadest sense, which means that there is no single remedy in principle.

In general, the share of "external" or "hacker" leaks was less than initially expected. Most security companies are constantly talking about hackers becoming more professional and seeking to gain access to information rather than formatting a user's hard drive. According to analysts at Perimetrix, this threat is somewhat exaggerated, although it certainly has a place to be. Perhaps the low share of hacker intrusions is partly due to the fact that the intrusions themselves have become more invisible.

For the sake of fairness, we note that the most large-scale incidents (for example, the famous TJX leak) often occur precisely as a result of external intrusions. However, leaks of a million scale are rare and it is wrong to draw any conclusions from isolated cases.

Inside (15%)

This category includes incidents caused by the actions of employees who had legal access to confidential information. All reported insider incidents fell into two roughly equal parts:

the employee did not have access to information, but managed to bypass security systems;
the insider had access to the information and took it outside the organization.

An excellent example of the first type of insider is former employee Societe Generale Jerome Kerviel, whose name has made headlines for several months in a row. As a reminder, the 31-year-old trader ruined a bank worth 5 billion euros by trading futures on European stock indices. Even far from banking it is obvious to a person that an ordinary trader could not have the right to open exchange positions in the volume of 50 billion euros, but Kerviel managed to do this.

Shortly after being released from prison
Jerome Kerviel got a job
to LCA, which specializes in
on ... information security

Dwight McPherson, 39
worked as an agent of the Presbyterian
hospital in Brooklyn (New York).
An insider was trading personal
information from 2006, and on his computer
50 thousand secret records were found.
For one social security number
McPherson asked for just 75 cents

However, the most dangerous are insiders of the second type, who have legal access to confidential information. Despite the lack of accurate data, Perimetrix analysts are convinced that most of these incidents remain outside the public eye. Moreover, even their own employers are often unaware of such insiders.

Web leak (14%)

All leaks related to the publication of confidential information in public places fall into this category. In most cases, such a place is the global network (hence the name - web leak), however, there are also similar leaks on the intranet. There are also very exotic variations on the same topic - for example, mistakenly sending passwords for access to partners.

The vast majority of web leaks are due to errors or staff ignorance. You can fight ignorance through education, but no one can completely avoid mistakes. The task of absolute protection against web leaks is very difficult - it involves the classification of all secret information and control of their placement on web servers or hosts. corporate network and requires the introduction of special protection systems.

Regardless of the specific type of web leak, its key characteristic is the duration of the publication of private data on the global or corporate network. Obviously, the longer this data is stored, the higher the risk of its compromise. In fig. 5 shows the distribution of recorded web leaks depending on their duration.

Rice. 5. Duration of web leaks
(source: Perimetrix, 2008)

The analysis showed that only a quarter (23%) of web leaks are detected within a month or less. And more than half (58%) of incidents last more than a year. Given the development of search technologies, such results raise very serious concerns, since several hours are enough to compromise information on the Internet.

The huge number of leaks that last for a long time means that most companies do not regularly monitor the information stored on their web resources. Indeed, if such monitoring were carried out at least once a year, leaks would be detected faster. As a rule, web leaks pop up completely by accident, thanks to the attentiveness of ordinary site visitors who have managed to find private information.

Typical Web Leak Case

Consider a web leak that occurred in the state of Oklahoma, namely the site of the local correctional agency. To gain access to confidential information, a site visitor only needed to change the link, which was a standard SQL SELECT query.

http://docapp8.doc.state.ok.us/pls/portal30/url/page/sor_roster?sqlString=select distinct o.offender_id, doc_number, o.social_security_number .......

http://docapp8.doc.state.ok.us/pls/portal30/url/page/sor_roster?sqlString=select distinct o.offender_id, o.social_security_number doc_number ......

Thus, to gain access to the information, it was required to change only two request fields, one of which had the self-explanatory name o.social_security_number.

Note that it follows from the comments in the body of the HTML page that the data has been in the public domain for at least three years. The leak was discovered completely by accident - it was noticed by the journalist of The Dailly WTF, Alex Papadimoulis, who later wrote material about the incident.

Paper leak (9%)

This category has managed to gain a significant share in the total volume of incidents. By definition, a paper leak is any leak that occurs as a result of the printing of confidential information on paper.

Unlike all other incidents, “paper” incidents have less significant consequences for a very commonplace reason - theoretically, paper cannot contain a lot of confidential information. The analytical center Perimetrix has not recorded a single paper leak, as a result of which more than 10 thousand people would have suffered. At the same time, it is still necessary to control such incidents, since even a small leak can have serious material consequences.

The main way to deal with paper incidents is to control the printed information - practice shows that in most cases it is enough to store confidential information in in electronic format... If printing is necessary, it is required to ensure the safety of documents during transportation or shipment. Most of the recorded incidents happened in this way: confidential papers were simply lost along the way.

The first quarter of 2008 revealed yet another interesting problem concerning paper leaks. It was caused, oddly enough, by the mortgage crisis in the United States, which brought thousands of different organizations to the brink of ruin. It turned out that bankrupt companies often throw away papers that were required for doing business in more prosperous times. Analytical center Perimetrix recorded three incidents of this kind at once.

The main difficulty here is that no one is responsible for the leak, since the company that committed it went bankrupt and ceased its activities. How to deal with such a threat is still not very clear.

Other (7%)

The remaining 7% of leaks had a wide variety and often very exotic reasons. An example is the HSBC bank leak when a branch forgot to close for the weekend. This category includes incidents, the exact cause of which could not be established, as well as leaks that became known after the fact, after using personal information for illegal purposes.

Conclusion: leaks so different

Leaks are very different. In this article, they are divided into five main groups depending on the cause of their occurrence. However, within a single cause, there can be many different aspects. Defending against all threats at once, most likely, will not work - this task requires continuous investment in information security and a great desire on the part of the leadership.

The second conceptual complexity of protection is the lack of unified complex systems that could provide protection for all possible leakage scenarios. Most solutions that belong to the modern DLP class can only provide protection against insider information and some types of web leaks, and with a rather low probability. As a result, customers have to purchase additional encryption products, which is very inconvenient, unprofitable and, frankly, unnatural.

Sleep - an obstacle that arose in front of the face very unexpectedly - speaks of a sudden change in personal life. Perhaps, even without wanting to, due to some serious circumstances, you will still have to part with your other half.

If such an obstacle in a dream can be overcome, then after parting, the couple will soon converge again. For a woman, an obstacle in a dream speaks of a difficult choice that will soon be faced in her personal life. She will probably have to choose between two suitors, and the decision will be made with hard work... If a woman overcomes an obstacle in a dream, then her choice will be correct. With such a man, she will be happy until the end of her days. If it is not possible to bypass the obstacle, then the man will be far from the prince on a white horse.

What if you dream about an obstacle?

Why is the obstacle dreaming? The obstacle always speaks of life's difficulties. Problems can affect either personal life, or financial condition person. Therefore, warnings should be taken very seriously. Seeing an obstacle on the road in a dream means facing a lack of money in real life... The obstacle can be in the form of a log lying across the road, or a dead end, or in general a traffic jam.

If in a dream any person interferes and makes you stop, then most likely in reality you will have to experience the envy and intrigues of enemies. Enemies will actively put sticks in the wheels, so you will have to first eliminate your well-wishers.

To successfully overcome obstacles in a dream means to cope with all the difficulties in reality. Despite the rather difficult life trials, a person will be able to overcome them and gain a complete victory over the enemy. If in a dream a person encounters obstacles of a financial nature, then soon a large monetary loss awaits him. You should definitely pay more attention to your business, otherwise very soon you can completely go bankrupt. In this case, you should take risks and the situation may turn out to be a completely different side.

What portends?

It will be useful for lovers to find out why the obstacle is dreaming, at least one of them. Ahead of the couple, complete harmony in the relationship awaits. They will be together, even in spite of all kinds of difficulties in life.

An obstacle on the road in a dream can predict financial difficulties for a person.

If such an obstacle arises suddenly, then the crisis will come very quickly. Be careful, you should take drastic steps to save your cause. You may even have to change the direction of your activities.

New family dream book

A dream about some kind of obstacle predicts temporary difficulties, overcoming which you will achieve prosperity.
A woman who sees herself in difficulty in front of some kind of obstacle should be wary of the intrigues of ill-wishers. For lovers, this dream, on the contrary, promises complete harmony and merging of hearts.

New family dream book

Dream about some kind of obstacle- predicts temporary difficulties, overcoming which, you will achieve prosperity.
A woman who sees herself in difficulty in front of some kind of obstacle- one should beware of the intrigues of ill-wishers. For lovers, this dream, on the contrary, promises complete harmony and merging of hearts.

Noble dream book by N. Grishina

Obstacles on the way, roads, your companions
A ditch in your path - interference, annoyance.
The ditch is deep - misfortune will happen to you.
But if it is overcome - success after misfortunes and failures.
There are many holes in your path - worries, longing.
Shaft, embankment in front of you to see - a difficulty.
To cross it is to overcome obstacles.
To fall on it is a waste of labor.
To walk along a ditch with ice and jump out - the danger has passed.

Dream interpretation of lovers

If a woman or girl dreams that she is in a difficult situation, this means that she should be wary of the intrigues of envious people that can harm her relationship with her beloved.
For lovers, such a dream portends harmonious relationships and harmony.

Dream interpretation of lovers

If a woman or girl dreams that she is in a difficult situation- this means that she should be wary of the intrigues of envious people that can harm her relationship with her beloved. For lovers, such a dream portends harmonious relationships and harmony.

Women's dream book

Any obstacles in sleep- portend temporary difficulties.
If you managed to overcome them- an increase in prosperity awaits you.
For a woman to face some kind of obstacle on the way to the chosen goal- means that she is threatened with a disease or a catch from ill-wishers. For lovers- on the contrary, such a dream means a harmonious relationship.

Women's dream book

A dream in which they put spokes in your wheels from all sides portends a negative attitude from your fiance's relatives who will try to interfere with your union.

Loff's dream book

Although we rarely dream of obstacles as such, in our dreams we often see insurmountable Fences, gates that do not open, and other barriers. The typical Freudian approach is to define what we will achieve by breaking the barrier, and then try to draw an analogy with some kind of taboo. If someone helps you climb over an obstacle, go through it or crawl under it, then this person is your accomplice in violating something, or the very fact of overcoming the obstacle by joint efforts may constitute a taboo, a prohibition. Depending on which area the taboo belongs to - ANGRY, SEX or another forbidden concept - you need to determine your feelings in relation to what is on the other side of the fence, river, or other obstacle.
You can feel horror at the appearance of any limiter / obstacle that you cannot overcome and which sleep companions do not recommend to overcome for the simple reason that no one does it. Perhaps the main thought here is a perceived threat or an inability to cope with an obstacle.
Maybe you think you need to take a fresh look at the world, reassess yourself. Then the obstacle symbolizes exactly what prevents you from doing it. To a greater extent, this applies to those cases when, in order to cross the river, you travel a lot or go with companions who do not want to cross with you to the other side. If your companions help you, regardless of the type of obstacle, it is wiser to heed their advice. Often we believe that the fence must certainly be overcome, while the fundamental point is the very fact of support from the partners.
While it sometimes seems that the number of obstacles is diminishing, the psychological effort spent on overcoming them in life becomes the source of many problems that could have been avoided if we knew where to stop.

V. Samokhvalov's psychoanalytic dream book

Walls, fences, bushes, rain obstructing traffic.
Restrictions, conscience, or other forms of restraint. Obstacles in dreams can refer to actual difficulties that the individual supposedly hates, but in fact, unconsciously provokes. Nonetheless, these failures reconcile conscious goals with an unconscious gaze. This leads to sterility and impasse. The type of obstacle indirectly indicates the type of frustration.

Dream Interpretation of Dmitry and Hope of Winter

Any obstacle in your path in a dream is a warning about possible interference and future problems.
Overcome the obstacle- a favorable sign, indicating that you have enough strength and energy to cope with a difficult situation.
Dream of an insurmountable obstacle- warns that you thought out certain matters poorly and could not foresee any negative moments.

Dream interpretation from A to Z

A dream in which your enemies artificially create obstacles to your success- suggests that you will soon find yourself a victim of unfair treatment by the authorities.
Overcome in a dream all kinds of obstacles and difficulties, performing difficult work- portends that in reality you will achieve your goal, opposing the vicissitudes of fate with your will, patience and perseverance.
If in a dream you give up and completely lose heart, unable to overcome the obstacles that prevent the realization of your plans and the realization of your dreams, in reality you will inevitably expect failure in business and complication of relations with others due to your irritability.
Dreamed of obstacles in the form of a fence, fence or fence and barbed wire- means that you will upset your chosen one with unworthy behavior, discrediting him in the eyes of many who are present at the big celebration.
Crawl over, crawl under or jump over obstacles- to acquisitions and every possible success.
Bypass obstacles- shy away from fulfilling the given promise, turn back from an obstacle- hear the useless assurances of your debtor.

Dream interpretation Denise Lynn

Constant physical obstacles in your path (such as stone walls, locked doors, traffic jams and even bad weather), as well as obstacles in business (such as delays in receiving orders, malfunctioning contracts, inability to get through on the phone) - indicate that you should withdraw for a while and reevaluate your life.
Sometimes obstacles- indicate that you should change your route.
Obstacles can also indicate- that it's time for you to withdraw into yourself. Pay less attention to your outer life and live a more intense inner life.

Dream interpretation of the XXI century

Dream about some kind of obstacle- predicts temporary difficulties, however, overcoming them promises you well-being.
If you saw some kind of obstacle in front of you in a dream- this suggests that you will be disappointed in gambling.
If you overcome an obstacle in a dream- this portends success in any business and in any situation.
Obstacles that could not be overcome- means that health is weakened and temporary difficulties will knock you out of your usual rut.
For a woman to see herself in difficulty in front of some kind of obstacle on the way to the chosen goal- means that she is threatened by the machinations of ill-wishers. For lovers- on the contrary, this dream means harmony of hearts.

Dream interpretation for bitches

Let- you will be stopped by temporary difficulties, but after their elimination, wait for the successful completion of the business and making a big profit.
Feel in a dream some kind of obstacle to your affairs- malaise, attacks of ill-wishers.
If an obstacle arose in love- tender relationship, joy and mutual understanding await you.

D. Loff's dream book

Although we rarely dream of obstacles as such, in dreams we often see- insurmountable fences, non-opening gates, other barriers. The typical Freudian approach is to define what we will achieve by breaking the barrier, and then try to draw an analogy with some kind of taboo.
If someone helps you climb over an obstacle, walk through it, or crawl under it- then this person is your accomplice in violating something, or the very fact of overcoming an obstacle by joint efforts may constitute a taboo, a prohibition. Depending on what area the taboo, anger, sex or other forbidden concept belongs to, you need to determine your feelings in relation to what is on the other side of the fence, river, or other obstacle. You can feel horror at the appearance of any limiter / obstacle that you cannot overcome and which sleep companions do not recommend to overcome for the simple reason that no one does it. Perhaps the main thought here is a perceived threat or an inability to cope with an obstacle. Maybe you think you need to take a fresh look at the world, reassess yourself. Then the obstacle symbolizes exactly what prevents you from doing it. To a greater extent, this applies to those cases when, in order to cross the river, you travel a lot or go with companions who do not want to cross with you to the other side. If your companions help you, regardless of the type of obstacle, it is wiser to heed their advice. Often we believe that the fence must certainly be overcome, while the fundamental point is the very fact of support from the partners. While it sometimes seems that the number of obstacles is diminishing, the psychological effort spent on overcoming them in life becomes the source of many problems that could have been avoided if we knew where to stop.

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Over the years, this DNA has grown stronger and has been successfully disseminated among our employees, managers and stakeholders.
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