Types of innovations and their features. Types and types of innovations. According to the impulse of the emergence of innovation, they mean

innovation innovation technology products

In order to manage innovation, a careful study of innovation is required. First of all, it is necessary to be able to distinguish innovation from insignificant modifications in products and technological processes (for example, aesthetic changes - colors, shapes, etc.); insignificant technical or external changes in products, leaving the design unchanged and not having a sufficiently noticeable effect on the parameters, properties, cost of the product, as well as the materials and components included in it; from expanding the range of products by mastering the production of previously not produced at this enterprise, but already well-known on the market, in order to meet current demand and increase the company's income.

The novelty of innovations is assessed by technological parameters, as well as from market positions. Taking this into account, a classification of innovations is being built. There are several approaches to classifying innovations.

Depending on the type of object, innovations are divided into:

• - investment;
• - real (financial).

Depending on the technological parameters, innovations are subdivided into product and process innovations.

Product innovations include:

• - the use of new materials;
• - new semi-finished products and components;
• - obtaining fundamentally new products.

Process innovation means new methods of organizing production (new technologies). Process innovation can be associated with the creation of new organizational structures within the enterprise (firm).

Product innovation encompasses the introduction of new or improved products. Process innovation is the development of new or significantly improved products, the organization of production. The release of such products is not possible using existing equipment or manufacturing methods. It should be noted the differences between the American and Japanese systems of innovation: in the United States, 1/3 of all innovations are related to the process, and 2/3 - to the product; in Japan the opposite is true.

According to the type of novelty for the market, innovations are divided into:

• - new for the industry in the world;
• - new for the industry in the country;
• - new for the given enterprise (group of enterprises).

If we consider an enterprise (firm) as a system, we can distinguish:

• 1. Innovations at the entrance to the enterprise (changes in the selection and use of raw materials, materials, machinery and equipment, information, etc.);
• 2. Innovations at the exit from the enterprise (new products, services, technologies, information, etc.);
• 3. Innovation of the system structure of the enterprise (within the system):
  • - managerial;
  • - production;
  • - technological.

The consumer receives the economic effect of innovation.

Depending on the degree of novelty, innovations are distinguished:

• - radical (basic) - a new product based on the invention of the "pioneer" company, which has no analogue;
• - improving - a new product based on the invention of the improving invention of the "pioneer";
• - modification (private) - a new product based on a rationalization proposal.

The listed types of innovations differ from each other in the degree of coverage of the stages of the life cycle.

An invention is a new "technical solution to a practical problem" prevailing with significant differences in any area of ​​the economic, socio-cultural or defense sphere.

A “pioneer” invention is an outstanding invention, which was not preceded in world practice by prototypes, analogs, they are based on discoveries.

Discoveries - the establishment of previously unknown objectively significant regularities, properties and phenomena of the material world, making fundamental changes in the level of cognition.

A rational proposal is a "technical solution" that is relatively new. For example, a new solution for a given market, industry or enterprise.

Subject innovation - new material resources, raw materials, components, products.

Innovation in the form of a new product is defining and is called product innovation. Such innovation aims to meet new needs or existing ones, but in a different way.

Process innovation - new services, production processes, methods of organizing production, organizational structures.

Control system - in this class of innovations, innovation in the field of production processes is decisive. Technological innovation is aimed at improving product quality, increasing labor productivity, and increasing production volumes.

In connection with the development of information technologies, information innovation, considered as a new type of resource, is becoming the most important. It has two important properties:

• 1) is primary but in relation to other innovations, since it is based on information;
• 2) it is inexhaustible (while other resources are exhaustible).

The Scientific Research Institute for System Research (RNIISI) proposed an extended classification of innovations, taking into account the spheres of the enterprise. According to this criterion, innovations are divided into:

• 1) technological;
• 2) production (new technologies, equipment, tools);
• 3) economic;
• 4) trade (a new form of service, a new organization of warehousing, new ways of advertising);
• 5) social (a new way of resolving social conflicts, a new way of adapting a new employee, a new type of social assistance);
• 6) in the field of management (new methods of decision-making).

Depending on the nature of its use, innovations are:

• a) consumer (used to meet personal needs, they are not used in scientific, technical and industrial activities. Consumers - individuals, families. Purpose - to increase the economic, social, psychological effect of using the goods).
• b) investment (new types of components, equipment, new technologies. Consumers - manufacturing enterprises, scientific organizations and individual entrepreneurs).

The classification of innovations proposed by A.I. Prigogine, which includes the division of innovations into five groups based on the criteria:

• 1. By prevalence:
  • - single
  • - diffuse.

Diffusion is the spread of an innovation that has already been mastered in new conditions or at new objects of implementation. It is thanks to diffusion that there is a transition from a single introduction of innovation to innovation on the scale of the entire economy.

• 2. In place in the production cycle:
  • - raw
  • - providing (connecting)
  • -product
• 3. By succession:
  • - substitute
  • - canceling
  • - returnable
  • - opening
  • - retro introduction
• 4. By coverage of the expected market share:
  • - local
  • - system
  • - strategic
• 5. By innovative potential and degree of novelty:
  • - radical
  • - combinatorial
  • - improving

The fourth and fifth divisions of the classification, taking into account the scale and novelty of innovations, as well as the intensity of innovative change, to the greatest extent express the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of innovations and are important for the economic assessment of their consequences and justification of management decisions.

By the nature of public goals, innovations are distinguished:

Economic, profit-oriented (production of pharmaceuticals for export, etc.);

Economic, not profit-oriented (environmental, etc.);

Special (military, healthcare, education, etc.).

The peculiarities of innovation processes that an innovation manager must take into account when creating an organizational and economic mechanism for their own business follow from the prevailing type of innovation. An important stage in the analysis of innovations is their classification according to a number of fundamental characteristics (Table 1). The classifications given in this table confirm that the processes of innovation are diverse and different in nature, therefore, the forms of their organization, the scale and ways of influencing innovation are also diverse.

Table 1

There are many types of innovation. In particular, there are three most general grounds for the systematization of innovations:

■ by type of innovation;

■ but the implementation mechanism;

■ by the specifics of the innovation process.

By type of innovation innovations can be divided into two main groups: material and technical and social.

Depending on technological parameters innovations are subdivided into product and process innovations.

Grocery innovations include the use of new materials, new semi-finished products and components; obtaining fundamentally new products.

Process innovation means new methods of organizing production (new technologies). Process innovation can be associated with the creation of new organizational structures within the enterprise (firm).

By its innovative potential innovations are divided into:

■ radical or basic (fundamentally new technologies, management methods, types of products);

■ combinatorial (using various combinations of constructive connection of elements). Combinatorial innovations imply a new constructive combination of elements of previously known techniques that have not been used in this combination before. This process is sometimes called agglutination, and the trolleybus, which combines the features of a tram and a bus, is cited as an example.

■ modifying (improvement, addition of the original structures, principles, forms). Modifying innovations are associated with the improvement, rationalization, modification, modernization of what has an analogue, a prototype. Modernization can be aimed both at the technological and at the personal side of the updated tool.

By type of novelty for the market innovations are divided into:

■ new to the industry in the world;

■ new to the industry in the country;

■ new for the given enterprise (group of enterprises).

By the principle of relationship to your predecessor the following innovations can be distinguished:

■ “replacement”, which involve the complete replacement of the obsolete tool, thereby ensuring a more efficient performance of the corresponding function (for example, automation of control over the firing process in cement production and non-explosive sources of seismic vibrations in geophysics);

■ “canceling”, or, so to speak, minus ones, which exclude the performance of some operation, the release of some product and do not replace them with new ones (for example, the cancellation of any form of reporting, the abolition of the metal edging on the packaging, etc.);

■ “returnable” - after some use of the innovation, its inconsistency or non-compliance with the new conditions is discovered and one has to return to its predecessor;

■ “discoverers” - creating tools that do not have comparable functional predecessors;

■ "retrovings" - the development of something new for the organization at the moment, but once already used in practice.

Finishing the systematization of innovations by the type of innovation, it is necessary to single out several more reasons within this group: in terms of volume, in terms of goals, in terms of social consequences.

By volume innovations are divided into:

■ "point" (individual devices, rules);

■ system (technological and organizational systems), strategic (principles of production and management). Innovations in terms of goals are aimed at the efficiency of production, management, improving working conditions, enriching the content of labor, improving product quality, etc.

By social impact they can be divided into:

■ causing social costs (tension, new types of monotonous, harmful and similar work, loss of status, etc.);

■ providing social benefits (reduction of the severity and harmfulness of labor, advanced training, etc.).

By the peculiarities of the mechanism for implementing the innovation also make up a number of groups:

■ single, that is, carried out at one object and diffuse, that is, spread over many objects.

■ completed and unfinished innovations. The latter are not always pathological. At the experimental or even the initial stage of creating or mastering an innovation, cases of recognition of some innovation as inexpedient due to errors and due to changed conditions are inevitable. An innovative pathology arises when an innovation is outdated, when its implementation fails.

■ successful and unsuccessful innovations. This division basically coincides with the previous one, in which success means the timeliness and completeness of the completion of the innovation.

By the peculiarities of the innovation process highlight intra-organizational and inter-organizational innovation.

If we consider an enterprise (firm) as a system, we can distinguish:

■ innovations at the entrance to the enterprise (changes in the selection and use of raw materials, materials, machinery and equipment, information, etc.);

■ innovations at the exit from the enterprise (products, services, technologies, information, etc.);

■ innovation of the system structure of the enterprise (management, production, technological).

The term "innovation" refers to the process of creating and optimizing the structures of behavior and activities of various social subjects. From a pedagogical point of view, innovation can be considered as “a technological process of self-development of the properties of a learning model that generates, translates and assimilates the“ effect of self-development ”into the social environment."

Innovation of traditional education as the self-development of its properties presupposes two main forms: modernization and re-formation. For example, self-organizing learning is innovated by analyzing various situations, documents, and role simulations. Self-learning innovation involves the introduction of innovative forms in each of the self-learning links.

Justification of the typology of pedagogical innovations allows you to study the specifics, patterns of development and development of innovations, to identify and analyze the factors that promote and hinder innovations. There is no generally accepted typology or classification of innovations in education. There are more than 20 criteria for the classification of innovations, for example: long-term and short-term, designed for small groups and societies, radical and reformist, in education, labor, leisure activities, authoritarian and liberal, proactive and administrative ...

Different authors offer different approaches to this problem. Let's analyze several classifications of innovations. The authors of the work "Innovations in Organizations" highlight the reproductive and productive forms of innovation activity and corresponding innovations. Innovative activity is one of the types of productive activity of people - individuals, groups, masses, acting as subjects of activity. The carriers of activity are not only real people, but also their impersonal "representatives" - organizations that unite local sets of individuals, institutions.

The idea of ​​isolating the productive and reproductive components of activity in relation to pedagogical innovation is formulated by M.V. Clarin.

He identifies two main types of innovative learning approaches:

1) innovation-modernization, which are aimed at achieving guaranteed results within the framework of the traditional reproductive orientation of the educational process;

2) innovations-transformations that transform the traditional educational process into a process of a research nature and the organization of educational and cognitive activities. The author calls the first approach technological, the second - search.

The variety of modern pedagogical reality does not fit into the proposed two types of innovative approaches. Pedagogical innovations differ not only in terms of the principle of modernization or transformation, but also in such areas as the area of ​​applicability, educational environment, goals, levels and timing of innovations, natural or artificial reasons for their appearance ...

There are other grounds for a typology of educational innovations.

So, O.G. Khomeriki identifies the following types of innovations from the point of view of their relevance to one or another part of the educational process:

Methods, technologies, methods of the educational process;

Organization of the educational process;

School management system.

On private (local, individual), not related to each other;

Modular (a complex of private, interconnected, related, for example, to one group of subjects, one age group of students ...);

Systemic (covering all educational institutions) innovations.

Modification innovations appear more often than basic ones, adapting the latter to changing conditions and tasks. But the adaptive possibilities of innovations are not unlimited. And basic, radical, innovations are of particular value when all the possibilities of modifying innovations have been exhausted. Modifying, improving innovations can also play a conservative, inhibitory role. By artificially extending the life of a once progressive and fundamental innovation, they compensate to some extent for its inconsistency with the changed environment.

There are innovations consisting of separate already known elements, each of which is a modified innovation. But in their combination, these elements were never used, and their found combination gave a new effect. Examples of such innovations can be found in the experience of innovative teachers: S.N. Lysenkova, I.P. Volkova, E.I. Potapova ...

An example of a radical innovation is the immersion learning technology proposed by M.P. Shchetinin, and later developed by his followers A.A. Ostapen-ko, A.N. Tubelsky ... In the studies of A.V. Khutorsky designed and implemented a heuristic immersion method that modifies the basic innovation.

A more detailed typology is offered by N.Yu. Post hatch. He classifies educational innovations according to the intensity of innovative change or the level of innovation. Eight-seven ranks, or orders, of innovations stand out.

Zero-order innovations are practically the re-generation of the initial properties of the system (reproduction of the traditional educational system or its element).

First-order innovations are characterized by quantitative changes in the system, while its quality remains unchanged.

Second-order innovations represent a rearrangement of system elements and organizational changes (for example, a new combination of known pedagogical tools, a change in the sequence, rules for their use ...).

Third-order innovations are adaptive changes in the educational system in new conditions without going beyond the old educational model.

Innovations of the fourth order contain a new variant of the solution (these are most often the simplest qualitative changes in individual components of the educational system, providing some expansion of its functionality).

Innovations of the fifth order initiate the creation of educational systems of the "new generation" (changing all or most of the initial properties of the system).

As a result of the implementation of innovations of the sixth order, educational systems of a "new type" are created with a qualitative change in the functional properties of the system while maintaining the backbone functional principle.

And finally, innovations of the seventh order represent a higher, radical change in educational systems, during which the basic functional principle of the system changes. This is how a “new kind” of educational systems appears.

The advantage of this typology is the detailed ranking of pedagogical innovations that determine the specifics of the corresponding innovation processes.

Innovations can be classified according to reasons for their appearance.

Based on the analysis of various innovations, the following sources of creating innovations in education have been identified:

Advanced pedagogical experience is a source of new methods, technologies and techniques that transform pedagogical practice;

Fundamental and applied research in the field of pedagogical disciplines, such as pedagogy, comparative pedagogy, history of pedagogy, didactics, private teaching methods;

Achievements of disciplines related to pedagogy - philosophy, cultural studies, psychology, medicine, sociology, synergetics;

Administrative decisions - laws, regulations, projects, programs that are initiated by officials, politicians, administrators;

Global educational and other processes in the country, the world, in the Universe.

The listed reasons represent an interrelated hierarchy. For example, such a global process as the collapse of the Soviet Union caused many educational innovations - author's scales appeared; Western educational models and systems were introduced in the post-Soviet space; the national component of educational systems has increased; a model education code for the CIS countries began to be developed. We can say that innovations are divided according to the reasons for their appearance.

In terms of the depth of the changes made, the following types of innovations are distinguished.

Modifying innovations lead to minor improvements in the final product, processes, procedures, life cycle. They allow you to achieve slightly better results a little faster and cheaper. For example, the introduction of electronic classroom journals will optimize the accounting and control of the educational process.

Improving innovations provide significant benefits and improvements, but are not based on fundamentally new technologies and approaches. As an example, we can cite the new structure of the general education school, in which the senior specialized link is allocated.

Breakthrough innovations are based on fundamentally new technologies and approaches. They allow you to perform previously unavailable or known functions, but in a new way that is superior to the old one. One such innovation is, for example, distributed Internet education.

Integrating innovators use a combination of the first three classes of innovation. Integrating innovations ensure the implementation of the final stage of the innovation process: the implementation of high-tech, complex commodity and service-forming systems that are in demand on the market through the optimal integration of already proven scientific achievements (knowledge, technologies, equipment ...). The technology of student-centered distance learning should be considered such an innovation.

A.I. Prigogine notes another type of innovation - "return", the essence of which is that after some use of the innovation, its inconsistency is revealed and one has to return to its predecessor.

Experts in the field of school development management distinguish retroviation as a type of innovation - the school's mastery of something new for it at the moment, but once already used in educational practice.

The considered typologies of pedagogical innovations are compiled on different grounds. The lack of a unified typology is not a lack of pedagogical innovation. The point is that different typologies can be useful for different cases. In addition, the multi-dimensional vision of the entire variety of pedagogical innovations allows us to explore their role and significance in a variety of cases and situations. In this case, typologies serve as a tool for the analysis and design of innovations.

Research has been carried out, during which a generalized typology of pedagogical innovations has been created. The list of all the grounds for determining the classes is compiled taking into account the need to cover the main parameters of pedagogical innovations: attitudes towards the subjects of education, the structure of science, the conditions for implementation and characteristics of innovations.

According to the generalized typology, pedagogical innovations are divided into the following classes and types corresponding to each class:

1. In relation to the structural elements of educational systems: innovations in goal-setting, tasks, the content of education and upbringing, forms, methods, techniques, teaching technologies, teaching and educational tools, the system of diagnostics, control, evaluation of results ...

2. In relation to the personal formation of subjects of education: in the development of certain abilities of students and teachers, in the development of their knowledge, skills, abilities, methods of activity, competencies ...

3. By the field of pedagogical application: in the educational process, curriculum, educational area, at the level of the training system, the level of the education system, in education management.

4. Based on the results of the interaction of the participants in the pedagogical process: in collective learning, group learning, tutoring, tutoring, family learning ...

5. In terms of functionality, innovations-conditions (ensure the renewal of the educational environment, socio-cultural conditions ...), innovations-products (pedagogical tools, projects, technologies ...), managerial innovations (new solutions in the structure of educational systems and management procedures to ensure their functioning).

6. By methods of implementation: planned, systematic, periodic, spontaneous, spontaneous, random.

7. By the scale of distribution: in the activities of one teacher, methodological association of teachers, school, group of schools, region, at the federal level, international level ...

8. According to the socio-pedagogical significance: in educational institutions of a certain type, for specific professional-typological groups of teachers.

9. In terms of the volume of innovative events: local, mass, global ...

10. According to the degree of the proposed transformations: correcting, modifying, modernizing, radical, revolutionary.

In the proposed typology, one and the same innovation can simultaneously have several characteristics and take its place in different blocks.

So, depending on the tasks set, different typologies of pedagogical innovations are used, each of which is built on certain grounds and performs its role in the theory and practice of educational innovations,

One of the main goals of management is to ensure a stable and resistant to changes in the external environment of the competitiveness of the enterprise, which necessitates high innovative activity.
Over the past decades, both in the life of ordinary people and in the sphere of special professional activity, significant changes have taken place, which, on the one hand, were the result of scientific and technological progress, and on the other, they were the result of a significantly aggravated competitive struggle. The industrial stage of economic development allowed enterprises to achieve competitive advantages as a result of the concentration of capital, the development of integration processes, and increased dominance in the markets through mergers and acquisitions. In the context of the concept of a knowledge economy, an innovative economy, new technological capabilities and non-standard forms of doing business, based on the ability of the enterprise management to anticipate possible changes in technology and the ability to identify possible and effective areas of application of innovations, to form new needs of potential consumers, acquire more significant importance.
The modern paradigm of management proceeds from the necessity and possibility of demand management and the formation of new needs, which ultimately becomes a prerequisite for the growth of innovative activity of enterprises. Enterprise management is increasingly becoming long-term oriented, as innovation is changing the entire industrial and technological basis of business.
The term "innovation" was first used in the 19th century. in the research of cultural studies and means the penetration of some elements of one culture into another. The meaning of the term "innovation" in translation from English "innovation" means - an evolving complex process of creation, distribution and use of innovation, which contributes to the development and enhancement of the efficiency of entrepreneurial firms.
It should also be noted that the Latin word "novator" is an innovator, that is, a person who introduces and implements new, progressive principles, ideas, techniques in any field of activity, the English term "innovate" - to introduce innovations, make innovations, produce change, the term “innovator” refers to a company that creates a new product using a new technology. In the English-language economic literature, the term "innovation" has a long tradition of everyday use, due to which a number of well-established expressions have developed that emphasize the breakthrough, especially important nature of those innovations that are designated by the term "innovation" - "capital-saving" - capital-saving innovation innovations; "Design innovation" - a change in the design of the machine; "Factor-saving innovation" - an innovation that saves costs for a factor of production (labor or capital); "Financial innovation" - financial innovation, the development of new financial methods; "Manufacturing innovation" - a new production method; "Product innovation" is a new product.
Adam Smith in his monograph "The Wealthof Nations", published in 1776, argued that the organizational mechanism of capitalism is not only the market system (the ratio of supply and demand), but also competition, which forces not only to satisfy increasing needs by lowering prices and quality improvement, but also to do it in the most efficient way through the transition to new technologies, i.e. through innovation.
F. Kotler defines innovation as an idea, product or technology launched into mass production and presented on the market, which the consumer perceives as completely new or possessing some unique properties.
The founder of the theory of innovation is Joseph Schumpeter, who interpreted innovation as a new scientific and organizational combination of production factors motivated by an entrepreneurial spirit, which is identical in meaning to the concept of "innovation" and means an object introduced into production as a result of scientific research, made scientific discovery, qualitatively different in its parameters from previous analogs, or unparalleled, bringing significant economic benefits, i.e. a new application of scientific and technical knowledge leading to market success.
J. Schumpeter focused on economic innovations and highly appreciated the role of an entrepreneur - an innovator in economic progress, while considering entrepreneurs not only as "independent" economic entities of a market economy, but also all those who actually perform a fundamental function - the combination of production factors. He also considers entrepreneurs to be those who do not have long-term ties with an individual enterprise and use those only to carry out new combinations. According to Schumpeter, entrepreneurs are a special type of people, and their activity is a specific problem, since they perform the functions of creating something new, and doing something new objectively is more difficult than producing the familiar and tested.
In his opinion, the role of entrepreneurs is to reform or revolutionize production, using inventions to release new goods or produce old ones in a new way, opening up new sources of raw materials and materials or new markets, reorganizing the industry, etc. The content of entrepreneurial activity is the implementation of "new combinations of factors" of production and a variety of innovations .
A significant contribution to the development of the theory of the innovative way of economic development was made by N.D. Kondratyev, who, outlining the doctrine of large conjuncture cycles of half a century, substantiated the natural connection between the "upward" and "downward" waves of these cycles with the waves of technical inventions and their practical use. The main role in the changes in the economic life of society is N.D. Kondratyev allotted scientific and technical innovations.
Innovation (innovation) is the end result of creative activity, embodied in the form of a new or improved product or technology, practically applicable and capable of satisfying certain needs, i.e. the result of the implementation of new ideas and knowledge for the purpose of their practical use to meet certain consumer needs.
Innovations create conditions for increasing the level of competitiveness of enterprises, making up for the insufficient level of competitiveness. Thus, the indispensable properties (features) of innovation are:

• scientific and technical novelty,
• industrial applicability,
• economic utility,
• commercial feasibility (efficiency).

The commercial aspect defines innovation as an economic necessity, realized through the needs of the market. From this point of view, two points are distinguished: "materialization" of innovation - from an idea to its implementation into a product, service, technology; “Commercializing” innovation - turning it into a source of income.
The systemic, complex nature of innovation is reflected in the complexity and versatility of the concept of innovation. It includes a wide range of innovations with varying degrees of novelty of the knowledge embodied in them, applied in various industries and spheres of activity, implemented in various markets, etc. ...
Therefore, innovation management should be based on the typology of innovations, their classification according to various essential grounds, criteria, parameters. The typology of innovation is important not only for the development of a consistent theory of innovation management, but also for the practice of innovation management. Innovation managers in their activities should proceed from the idea that different types of innovations have their own characteristics of development, implementation and distribution, require specific approaches to management, appropriate structures of innovation, its methods and styles.
The methodology for the systematic description of innovations is based on international standards, recommendations for the practical application of which were adopted in Oslo in 1992 and received the name "Oslo Guidelines", according to which it is necessary to distinguish four main types of innovations in the general system of innovations:

• Grocery.
• Technical and technological (process).
• Marketing.
• Organizational (organizational and managerial).

Product innovation is the most common type of innovation and is represented in almost all businesses. The dominance of product innovations is also confirmed by the data of the State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation. However, their nature differs from enterprise to enterprise. For some, this is a complete change in the assortment or a significant expansion of the nomenclature that goes beyond the traditional profile, for others it is an increase in the consumer qualities of products of a traditional profile, taking into account the needs of the consumer. Sometimes the release of new products was carried out without changing the technology and on the old equipment, sometimes the development of new products was accompanied by the introduction of a new technology for the enterprise and the purchase of appropriate equipment.
It is the production of new products capable of satisfying market demands that is the leading motive for technological innovations for the surveyed enterprises. At the same time, the specific prerequisites for innovation may be different: improving the technological process, saving resources, environmental requirements, the inaccessibility of advanced technological solutions. At almost all enterprises, the goal of technological innovations was to increase competitiveness by improving product quality, reducing its cost, expanding the range and range of products.
It is noteworthy that technical innovation, i.e. the introduction of new equipment is most often caused either by the transition to the release of new products, or by the need to radically improve the quality of already manufactured products. In a number of cases, the installation and development of new equipment at Russian enterprises was due to the need to replace obsolete and worn-out equipment and expand the material and technical base due to the exhaustion of growth reserves due to the old equipment.
Marketing innovation involves the introduction of a new method of marketing, including significant changes in the design or packaging of a product, its placement, promotion to the market or in the setting of prices, aimed at better satisfaction of the needs of the consumer, opening new markets or gaining new positions for the company's products in the market in order to increase sales volume.
The distinguishing feature of marketing innovation compared to other changes in marketing tools is:

• introduction of a marketing method that has not been previously used by this enterprise, which should become part of a new concept or marketing strategy, which represents a significant gap from the previously existing in the enterprise;
• significant changes in the design of the product, which are part of the new concept of its marketing - changes in form and appearance that do not change the functional or consumer characteristics of this product, changes in product packaging;
• development of new sales channels - introduction of a franchising system, direct sales, exclusive retail trade or product licensing.

Often, the development of new products is accompanied by organizational and managerial innovations, which are most often characterized by the organization of new departments, divisions and services at all levels. Most enterprises have established marketing departments, while in some of them, at the beginning of the reforms, the formation of marketing departments was a simple change of the sign of the sales department. However, then their functions were expanded and divided into studying the demand for products and forecasting it, on the one hand, and organizing sales, on the other. Accordingly, the introduction of marketing methods of sales management requires changes in the system of planning production volumes and pricing. In addition to changes in the management structure, organizational and management innovations include other activities aimed at increasing efficiency and improving methods of production and personnel management. Innovations in the social and labor sphere (the use of new forms of employment and contracts, new systems of remuneration) can also be considered as managerial innovations.
Typically, enterprise innovation is complex. At the same time, different types of innovations were interrelated in terms of the goals and results of implementation. In principle, local, point innovations are a routine activity of enterprises; without them, the existence of an enterprise cannot be sustained. Surprisingly, for many businesses, ongoing, complex changes have become routine. And this is one of the important characteristics of the modern innovation process at the enterprise level.
As the main criteria by which the types of innovations are distinguished, it is necessary to note the degree of novelty, radicality of innovation; the nature of the practice in which the innovation is used; technological parameters of innovation.
The classification of innovations allows:

• To systematize knowledge about the types of innovations, their manifestations and positions in the firm's system.
• Ensure a more accurate identification of each innovation, determination of its place among others, as well as possible limitations.
• Provide a link between the type of innovation and the innovation strategy.
• Provide software (project) planning and systemic management of innovation at all stages of its life cycle.
• To develop an organizational and economic mechanism for implementing innovations and replacing it with a new one for solving the strategic tasks of the organization.
• To develop an appropriate mechanism of competence (overcoming anti-innovation barriers), allowing more successfully to promote innovation.

There are a number of generally accepted features of the classification of innovations (Fig. 3).
Basic innovation (sometimes also called radical) is an innovation that is based on a scientific discovery or a major invention and is aimed at mastering fundamentally new products and services, technologies of new generations. The creation of basic innovations is associated with a large expenditure of resources, a high level of risk and uncertainty. However, at the same time, they are a source of subsequent improvements, modernization, distribution in other industries, the creation of new needs and new sales markets. This group of innovations is not widespread and numerous, but the returns from them are disproportionately significant. The potential result of this innovation is to provide a long-term advantage over competitors and significantly strengthen the market position.
Improving innovation (also called incremental innovation) is an innovation aimed at improving the parameters of manufactured products and technologies used, improving products and technological processes. Improving innovations are created as a result of observation and analysis both in the sphere of consumption of a product and in the process of its production. These improvements promise

Rice. 3. Classification of innovations

risk-free increase in the consumer value of products, cost reduction. In addition, enhancing innovation is a product of the pursuit of product differentiation. Such innovations are of particular importance in the context of mass and large-scale production at large enterprises, as a result of which goods balanced in all parameters are created, aimed at long-term retention of market positions.
Table 13
Comparative characteristics of basic and improving innovations

The dynamics of basic and improving innovations in an organization depends significantly on the place that the organization occupies in the structure of the industry and its role in it. The Japanese researcher K. Kusunoki, using the example of the production of communication equipment, found that industry technology leaders or large organizations in their activities focus on improving innovations, while small organizations or industry outsiders often strive to create radically new products and technologies, i.e. implement radical innovation.
The dynamics of basic (radical) and improving (incremental) innovations is also significantly influenced by the stage of the sectoral life cycle. As you know, industries are young (for example, the electronics industry, software industry, cable industry, etc.) and old (for example, light, coal, forestry, etc.). Where an industry is in the life cycle affects the balance of radical innovation versus incremental innovation.
In young industries, i.e. in the early stages of the industry life cycle, basic (radical) innovations prevail. In the later stages, i.e. in old industries, the overwhelming majority are improving (incremental) innovations.
Pseudo-innovations (rationalizing innovations, modifying) - an activity, the result of which is a partial improvement in the characteristics of (sometimes secondary) existing, including obsolete types of products, generations of technology and technology. They act as a temporary solution as opposed to real innovations, allowing them to stay on the markets for obsolete products and to preserve ineffective technological processes.
Manufacturing innovations are embodied in new products, services or technologies of the production process, i.e. they represent the implementation of new knowledge in new products, services or the introduction of new elements into the production process, are implemented in primary production activities. These are product and technological innovations.
Management innovation is new knowledge embodied in new management technologies, in new administrative processes and organizational structures. Social innovations are a new way of resolving social conflicts, a type of social assistance, a way of adaptation of workers, the introduction of a system of social partnership.
If product and process innovations are generally recognized, their descriptions are included in international standards ("Frascati Manual", 1993), then social innovations, including managerial ones, are often underestimated. Management innovations are much more profitable and cheaper than product and process innovations. But at the same time, their implementation is much more difficult, since it is associated with changes in behavior, habits, perceptions, business culture. They are more risky, since they affect the interests of people, cause conflicts, are less predictable, and can lead to an inversion (directly opposite to the set goal result). Therefore, social innovations must be carefully studied and analyzed.
Innovation can be used to meet any personal need - consumer innovation. Consumers in this case are, as a rule, individuals, families. The purpose of consumer innovation is to increase the economic, social, psychological effect of using the product. Another type of innovation is called investment innovation. The consumers of such an innovation will be a manufacturing enterprise, a scientific organization, an individual entrepreneur. The purpose of industrial innovations is to increase the economic effect in the production of products of the enterprise that bought the innovation.
Certain types of innovations correspond to each level in the enterprise system:

• strategic level - innovations in mission, strategies, innovations in foreign economic activity, in negotiation processes;
• intra-firm level - innovations in production processes, organization structure, control system;
• the personal level is innovations in the technique of personal labor, methods of developing the creative potential of an individual, methods of building a business career, in training systems.

In terms of the scale of influence (impact), innovations are distinguished by point (single) innovations that affect a separate parameter of the product and are embedded as new elements into a known technological system in order to improve it and complex ones, leading to the reorganization of the entire technological system (interconnected innovations and their complexes form a new one). technology, with the use of which it is possible to obtain new products, which, in turn, changes the structure of the organization of production and the management system).
Replacement innovations - innovations intended to replace existing (old) products or technologies with new or modified ones, while maintaining their purpose and functions.
Rationalizing innovation - presented in the form of a rationalization proposal. A technical solution that is new and useful for an organization and that involves a change in the design of products, production technology and the technology used or a change in the composition of the material is recognized as rationalization.
Expanding innovation - aims at deeper penetration into the various industries and markets of existing underlying innovations.
Supportive innovation is characteristic of a situation where competition forces a company to produce more expensive, improved products for its core customers. In such a situation, the leading companies will definitely be ahead.
Disruptive innovation, the goal of which is to make commercially successful products that are simpler and more convenient, that will cost less and will generate interest from less attractive or even new categories of consumers. In these conditions, the "attackers" can defeat the leaders. Moreover, small and medium-sized businesses can act as "attackers".
Reactive innovation is aimed at the survival of the firm, it emerges as a reaction to radical innovation changes carried out by competitors.
Strategic innovation is proactive and aims to gain significant competitive advantage in the long term.
In practical management activities, generalized, integrated characteristics of the dynamics of the implementation of innovations by an economic entity are often used. Thus, the variety of types of innovations, with knowledge of the distinctive features of each of them, allows you to develop and provide conditions for their successful implementation.
The following basic principles of innovation are distinguished:

• The priority of innovative production over traditional.
• Efficiency of innovative production - the resources allocated for innovation are justified only to the extent that they lead to the achievement of commercial success.
• Organizational and structural isolation, associated with the need and feasibility of creating an independent innovative structure for a new idea or invention, which may be completely unsuitable for solving other problems.

These principles underlie the concept of the innovation life cycle in conjunction with the periodization of the innovation process. The life cycle of an innovation is a defined period of time during which an innovation has an active life force and brings a profit or other real benefit to the manufacturer and / or seller.
The role of the innovation life cycle concept in planning the production of innovations and organizing the innovation process is of priority importance and consists in the following:

• the concept of the life cycle of innovation determines the need to analyze economic activity, taking into account the dynamics of development of an economic entity, including a promising one;
• the concept of the life cycle of innovation justifies the need for constantly organized activities to plan the release and / or acquisition of innovations;
• The innovation life cycle concept serves as the basis for innovation analysis and planning. As a result of the analysis, the stage of the innovation life cycle, the trend of its future development, decline and end of existence are determined.

Innovation life cycles differ in the type of innovation. These differences affect, first of all, the total duration of the cycle, the duration of each stage within the cycle, the features of the development of the cycle itself, a different number of stages. The types and number of stages of the life cycle are determined by the characteristics of a particular innovation. However, for each innovation it is possible to define a “pivot”, that is, basic, basis, a life cycle with clearly defined stages (Fig. 4).
Figure 4 shows a comparison of the stages of the innovation life cycle both from the standpoint of a researcher and from the standpoint of an entrepreneur.
For a researcher, the initial process of production of innovation is fundamental research - experimental or theoretical research aimed at obtaining fundamentally new knowledge about the laws of development of nature, society, man, and their relationship. The need for such research is due to the needs of the national economy or industry. They can end with recommendations on the formulation of applied research to determine the possibilities for the practical use of the scientific knowledge gained, scientific publications, etc. The peculiarity of fundamental research as a creative process is the impossibility to determine in advance the final result, the time and money spent on its achievement, the individual, unique nature of the research.
The results of fundamental research are presented in publications, scientific reports and reports, contain theories, hypotheses, formulas, models, systematized descriptions. They include two stages - prospecting and scientific and technical research -

Rice. 4. Stages of the innovation life cycle

niya. The second stage is connected to a greater extent with innovations, at which the selection of results suitable for practical implementation is made, the technical feasibility and economic feasibility, the areas of their primary use are identified. The results of fundamental research can be used for various, not always foreseeable goals, in different industries, over a long period of time - 30-40 years.

Applied research is a scientific and scientific-technical activity aimed at obtaining and using knowledge for practical purposes, finding the most rational ways of practical use of the results of fundamental scientific research in the national economy. Their end result is recommendations for the creation of technical innovations - innovations - technological regulations, draft designs, technical specifications and requirements, methods and standards, projects of enterprises and technology of the future, standard standards, as well as other scientific recommendations. Experimental work related to laboratory and pre-production tests is also carried out at this stage.
The organization of applied research has a regulated procedure, which includes four main stages:

• Theoretical substantiation of the way and methods of developing applied problems, drawing up schemes and options for solving scientific and applied problems, mathematical and material models.
• Development and approval of technical specifications (TOR), including information preparation, predictive assessment of the significance, costs, results and effectiveness, development of a program, methods and research scheme, including stages and assessment of the reliability of the research methodology. The scope of work, the composition of the performers, the estimate and the draft contract are determined.
• Experimental stage (pilot test).
• Generalization and evaluation of the results of research work.

Design (lat. Projectus - "thrown forward") is a manufacturing process based on the results of applied research and experimental verification of scientific and technical documentation for the creation of new or improved products, structures, processes and control systems, for creating in the given conditions it is not yet an existing object according to its primary description. The end result of the project activity is the project, i.e. a set of documentation intended for the creation of a certain object, its operation, repair and liquidation, as well as for checking or reproducing intermediate and final solutions, on the basis of which this object was developed. The object of the design can be a material object, the performance of work, the provision of a service. Design can be viewed, on the one hand, as the final phase of research, and on the other, as the initial phase of production.
Design is also about finding scientifically sound, technically feasible and economically viable engineering solutions. The result of the design is the project of the future product. Designing as a conscious purposeful activity has a certain structure, i.e. the sequence and composition of the stages and stages of project development, a set of procedures and technical means involved, the interaction of the participants in the process. The main stages (stages) of the structure are shown in Fig. 5.


Rice. 5. Stages of development of project documentation

The technical assignment (TOR) establishes the main purpose, technical characteristics, quality indicators and technical and economic requirements for the facility being developed, instructions for completing the necessary stages of creating documentation and its composition, as well as special requirements for the product.
Technical proposal (PT) - a set of documents containing a technical and feasibility study of the feasibility of project development. Such a conclusion is given on the basis of the analysis of the customer's specifications and various options for possible solutions, their comparative assessment, taking into account the characteristics of the developed and existing products, as well as patent materials.
Draft design (ES) - a set of documents containing fundamental solutions and giving a general idea of ​​the structure and principle of operation of the object being developed, as well as data that determine its purpose, main parameters and overall dimensions. In the case of a high complexity of the object, this stage may be preceded by a pre-project study containing theoretical studies designed to substantiate the fundamental possibility and feasibility of creating this object.
Technical project (TP) - a set of documents that must contain the final technical solutions that give a complete picture of the structure of the designed facility, initial data for the development of working documentation.
At the stage of the detailed design (RP), first, detailed documentation is developed for the manufacture of a prototype and its subsequent testing. The tests are carried out in a number of stages, according to the results of which the design documents are corrected. Further, working documentation is developed for the manufacture of the installation series, its testing, and equipping the production process of the main components of the product. Based on the results of this stage, the design documents are again corrected and working documentation is developed for the manufacture and testing of the head (control) series. On the basis of the documents of the finally worked out and tested in production products, manufactured according to a fixed and fully equipped technological process, then the final working documentation of the established production is developed.
In the process of developing project documentation, depending on the complexity of the problem being solved, it is allowed to combine a number of stages. The stages of the statement of technical specification and technical design can be included in the cycle of research and development (R&D), and the stages of the technical proposal and conceptual design - form a cycle of development work (R&D).
The cycle of work is completed by the stage that summarizes the project activity - certification - determining the quality level of the created product and confirming its compliance with the requirements of those countries where its subsequent implementation is expected. The need to single out this stage as an independent one is due to the fact that at present the export of products or their implementation within the country in many cases is unacceptable without a quality certificate.
Primary (pioneering) mastering of innovations is the introduction of development results into production, which implies the following procedure:

• individual production of new products required in single copies, development of serial production of new products, commissioning of new facilities, technological processes and control systems, practical use of new methods - technical development;
• achievement of the design capacity and design volume of the use of the innovation - production development;
• achievement of the design social and economic efficiency of the innovation - economic development.

Economic development ends with the achievement of the design capacity and economic indicators: material and energy intensity, labor productivity, cost, profitability, capital productivity. At this stage of development, additional work is carried out to eliminate the shortcomings identified in the process of production and technical development.
Dissemination of an innovation, or diffusion, is its economic development on a large scale based on the dissemination of information about the innovation, replication of relevant documentation, equipment renewal, personnel training, development and implementation of business plans, taking into account the specifics of specific enterprises and implementation experience.
Consumption as a phase of the life cycle of an innovation is characterized by a gradual stabilization of costs and an increase in the effect, mainly due to an increase in the volume of use of the innovation. It is here that the main part of the actual effect of the innovation is realized.
Obsolescence completes the entire life cycle of an innovation. It begins from the moment the development of the next innovation is completed, the economic, environmental or social efficiency of which makes its development rational.
In conclusion, it should be noted that the main indicators of the innovative activity of Russian enterprises (Fig. 6) indicate a decline in the already low level in 2012. There are slightly more enterprises introducing technological innovations, while the data indicate a sharp decline in the number of enterprises introducing innovations ecological, despite the priority of the concept of sustainable development in the world community.


Rice. 6. Share of organizations implementing innovations in the total number of surveyed organizations,%

The approaches to innovation in large companies generally fit into three patterns:

• “Seeking Market Requirements” - for example, companies such as Apple and Procter & Gamble engage customers directly to generate new ideas.
• Market Followers include Hyundai and Caterpillar, companies that track the market for incremental innovations and improvements to existing products.
• "Technology Orientation" - Companies like Google and Bosch rely on internal technology capabilities to develop new products and services. They use investments to both develop groundbreaking ideas and step-by-step innovations, hoping that these innovations will meet the demands of the market.

Booz & Co, conducting research, estimated the number of enterprises implementing these strategies in Russia and in the world as a whole - Fig. 7 - which indicates that in Russian corporations, innovations are mainly carried out by engineers and specialists in technical areas of science who are not interested in the market and, as a result, do not listen to the opinion of the client, unlike foreign companies.

Rice. 7. Strategies for innovation in companies
The foregoing testifies to the importance and priority of solving the problems of modernizing approaches to the development of innovations in Russian companies, and innovation and project management can become a fairly effective tool here.

Control questions

1. What is innovation and innovation management?
2. What are the features of the emergence of innovation?
3. Evolution of technological orders.
4. The core of the technological order.
5. The concept of innovation and innovation. Classification of innovations.
6. Classification of sources of innovation.
7. Goals, objectives and content of innovation management.
8. The concept of the innovation process.
9. The main phases of the innovation process and their content.
10. The relationship between the life cycles of innovation, product and product.
11. The meaning and content of the phases of diffusion and diffusion of innovation - the main components of the stage of bringing innovation to the market.
12. Organizational forms of innovation.
13. Organization of innovative activities at the enterprise.
14. Characteristics of an innovative organization.
15. Innovation system. Basic concepts.
16. National innovation system.
17. Regional innovation system.
18. Corporate innovation system.
19. Infrastructure of the innovation sphere.
20. Choosing an innovative business model.
21. Options for financing innovative activities.
22. Formation of an innovation team, participants in an innovation project.
23. The main mistakes of innovative enterprises.
24. The concept of innovative strategies and their classification.
25. Characteristics of Violent Enterprises.
26. Characteristics of enterprises with patents.
27. Characteristics of the enterprises of the exporters.
28. Characteristics of enterprises of commutators.
29. Assessment of the situation when choosing an innovation strategy.

Carrying out innovative activities, modern companies, as a rule, pursue the goal of long-term performance in the market. To achieve this global goal, the following specific tasks are being implemented:

• increasing market share;
• entering new target markets;
• creating an image of a flexible innovative company;
• prolongation or, conversely, reduction of the life cycle of goods of the main assortment;
• diversification of activities.

Classification of innovations means the distribution of innovations into specific groups according to certain criteria. The construction of a classification scheme for innovations begins with the definition of classification features. The classification feature is a distinctive feature of this group of innovations, its main feature.

The classification of innovations can be carried out according to different schemes using different classification signs. The economic literature presents a variety of approaches to the classification of innovations, as well as to the allocation of its criteria.

Consider the existing classifiers of types and types of innovations.

P. Doyle's classification of innovations is based on the possibility of modeling innovative approaches to the product concept, new ways of doing business, expanding the marketing environment at the expense of new markets. These methods include:

• new ways of doing business, which are innovative approaches to supplying long-standing products and serving both “loyal” and new customers;
• new old products that represent new ways of using products familiar to consumers;
• new markets that represent new groups of product consumers.

There is also a classifier of innovations based on the following features:

• significance (basic, improving, pseudo-innovations);
• orientation (replacing, rationalizing, expanding);
• place of sale (branch of origin, branch of implementation, branch of consumption);
• depth of change (regeneration of the original ways, change in quantity, regrouping, adaptive changes, new variant, new generation, new species, new genus);
• developer (developed by the enterprise, external forces);
• scale of distribution (to create a new industry, application in all industries);
• place in the production process (main food and technological, complementary food and technological);
• the nature of the needs being satisfied (new needs, existing needs);
• the degree of novelty (based on a new scientific discovery, based on a new method of application to long-discovered phenomena);
• time to market (innovation-leaders, innovation-followers);
• cause of occurrence (reactive, strategic);
• field of application (technical, technological, organizational and managerial, informational, social, etc.).

Distinguish by importance basic innovation that implement major inventions and become the basis for the formation of new generations and areas of technology; enhancing innovation , usually implementing small and medium-sized inventions and prevailing in the phases of distribution and stable development of the scientific and technical cycle; pseudo-innovation aimed at partial improvement of outdated generations of equipment and technologies.

According to the directions of influence on the production process, innovations can be expanding (aiming at deep penetration into various industries and markets of existing basic innovations), rationalizing (in fact, close to modifications) and replacing (intended to replace old products or technologies with new ones based on the performance of the same function).

Classification of innovations according to the depth of the changes made allows us to consistently trace the transitions from innovations of a lower level to a higher one:

• regeneration of the original properties of the system, preservation and updating of its existing functions;
• changing the quantitative properties of the system, regrouping the components of the system in order to improve its functioning;
• adaptive changes in the elements of the production system in order to adapt to each other;
• the new option is the simplest qualitative change that goes beyond simple adaptive changes;
• new generation - all or most of the properties of the system change, but the basic concept remains;
• new type - a qualitative change in the initial properties of the system, the initial concept without changing the functional principle;
• a new kind - a higher change in the functional properties of the system, which changes all the functional principle;
• radical (basic);
• improving;
• modification (private).

By the scale of distribution, the following can be distinguished: local innovation, developing existing basic technologies; industry innovation that became the basis for a new industry; global innovation that are used in all industries.

By the nature of the needs being met, innovations can be oriented towards existing needs or can create new ones.

According to the degree of novelty, innovations can be based on new discoveries or be created on the basis of a new method applied

to open phenomena. According to the type of novelty for the market, innovations are also divided into the following types:

• new to the industry in the world;
• new to the industry in the country;
• new for the given enterprise (group of enterprises).

For reasons of origin, innovations can be subdivided into reactive, survival firms, which are responses to innovations by a competitor; strategic - innovations, the introduction of which is proactive in order to obtain competitive advantages in the future.

In terms of the scope of application, the innovations are very peculiar: technical usually appear in the production of products with new or improved properties; technological arise when using improved, more sophisticated methods of manufacturing products; organizational and managerial are primarily associated with the processes of optimal organization of production, transport, sales and supply; information solve the problems of organizing rational information flows in the field of scientific, technical and innovative activities, increasing the reliability and efficiency of obtaining information; social are aimed at improving working conditions, solving problems of health care, education, culture.

According to the place of innovation in the system (at the enterprise), one can distinguish:

• innovations "at the entrance" of the enterprise (changes in the choice of raw materials, materials, machinery and equipment, information, etc.);
• innovations "at the exit" of the enterprise (products, services, technologies, information, etc.);
• innovation of the system structure of the enterprise (management, production, technological).

The Scientific Research Institute for System Research (RNIISI) proposed an extended classification of innovations, taking into account the spheres of the enterprise. According to this feature, innovations are subdivided into technological, production, economic, trade, social, in the field of management.

In the theory of innovation management, there is a general (traditional) classification of innovations and innovative products and a classification of innovations that takes into account the development of technologies based on "disruptive" innovations.

The general (traditional) classification of innovations and innovative products is based on the following features.

As a source of ideas for innovation can act:

• discovery, scientific idea, scientific theory, phenomenon;
• invention, a number of inventions, licenses;
• rationalization proposals;
• other situations.

Type of innovation :

• product, its structure or device, system and mechanism;
• technology, method, fashion;
• material, substance;
• living organisms, plants;
• buildings, buildings, structures, office, workshop or site, other architectural solution;
• information product (project, research, development, program, etc.);
• services;
• other solutions.

By areas of application in the scientific and production process in the field of industry, transport, communications and agriculture, the following types of innovations are distinguished:

• research and development that change the R&D process;
• technical or product, which usually appear in the production of products with new or improved properties, lead to a change in the technology of the consumer's business processes;
• technological, which arise when using improved, more sophisticated methods of manufacturing products, lead to a change in the technology of business processes at the consumer;
• information and communication technologies, which lead to a change in information processing technologies and communication technologies at the consumer;
• marketing, which lead to changes in market research and work on them, changes in brands of goods and organizations;
• logistics, which lead to changes in the organization of flow, supply and sales;
• organizational and managerial, which lead to changes in the organizational mechanism and management system, improve them;
• socio-economic, legal, which change the social, economic and legal conditions for the operation of the enterprise.

By service applications :

• education;
• nutrition;
• sports and youth;
• culture;
• healthcare;
• legal service and protection;
• tourism;
• trade;
• financial services, etc.

But level of novelty innovative goods and services are subdivided into those with the following characteristics:

• world novelty;
• domestic novelty;
• industry novelty;
• new for the company;
• expanding the existing range of goods, assortment, portfolio of goods and services;
• updated products and services;
• goods and services with changed positioning;
• with reduced costs (manufacturing innovation). Scale of distribution innovation;
• transnational;
• national economic and federal;
• regional;
• municipal;
• within associations and associations;
• within the organization;
• within the unit.

Impact latitude innovations:

• global, world;
• national economic, national;
• industry;
• local.

The pace of implementation innovation;

• fast, growing;
• slow, uniform;
• slow, fading.

Stages of the innovation life cycle , with which the innovation process for this organization begins and with which it ends:

• research;
• development;
• industrial production;
• marketing;
• logistics;
• diffusion;
• routinization;
• service support.

By succession highlight the following innovations:

• discoverers, which can be followed by a stream of new innovations on which the multiplier effect is based;
• closing - innovations that cover a number of industries;
• substitute;
• canceling;
• retroviation.

Consider a classification of innovations that takes into account the development of technologies based on "disruptive" innovations.

According to K. Christensen's concept, it is assumed that innovative strategies and innovative business will be developed by a periodic change of "disruptive" and supporting technological innovations and their applications - innovative products and services. "Disruptive innovation" is innovation in which old products and technologies are replaced by new and competitive ones. Examples of "disruptive innovation" are the telephone

(replaced the telegraph), steamships (replaced the sailing ships), semiconductors (replaced the electric vacuum devices), digital cameras (replaced the film ones), e-mail ("blew up" the traditional mail). "Disruptive innovation" strategies are gradually replacing supportive innovations. Together with them, the entire innovative business is changing.

So, G. Mensch singled out basic, improving innovations (they contribute to the emergence of new industries and new markets) and "pseudo-innovations" - imaginary innovations (improve the quality of the object or slightly change the elements of the technological process).

Russian researcher K). V. Yakovets developed the views of G. Mensch and suggests distinguishing the following types of innovations:

• baseline (sometimes they are also called radical) - such innovations that are based on scientific discoveries or major inventions and are aimed at the development of fundamentally new products and services, technologies of new generations;
• improving (the name incremental is also used) - innovations aimed at improving the parameters of manufactured products and technologies used, improving products and technological processes;
• micro-innovation)) improving individual production or consumer parameters of manufactured models of equipment and applied technologies based on the use of small inventions, which contributes to more efficient production of these models or an increase in the efficiency of their use;
• pseudo-innovation (rationalizing innovations) - an activity, the result of which is a partial improvement of the characteristics (sometimes of secondary importance), existing, including largely obsolete types of products, generations of technology and technology.

So, G. Mensch and K). V. Yakovets classifies on the basis of considering exclusively technological innovations, according to the degree of radicalism of the innovation and the level of its novelty, therefore, both of these approaches are of a limited nature. P. N. Zavlin and A. V. Vasiliev propose a classification of innovations presented in table. 2.1.

Thus, V.V. Gorshkov and E.A.Kretova use two features as the basis for the classification scheme of innovations: structural characteristics and target changes (Table 2.2). In terms of structural characteristics, innovations are divided into three groups:

• 1) innovation at the "entrance" to the enterprise;
• 2) innovation at the "exit" from the enterprise;
• 3) innovation of the structure of the enterprise as a system that includes individual elements and the interconnections between them.

By target change, innovations are subdivided into technological, production, economic, trade, social and management innovations.

Table 2.2

Classification of innovations according to V.V. Gorshkov and E.A.Kretova

The end of the table. 2.2

A source : V. V. Gorshkov, E. A. Kretova Innovative risks. SPb. : Publishing house SP6GIEA, 1996.

According to E.A. Utkin, G.I. Morozova, N.I. Morozova, the classification features of innovation are the reason for the emergence of innovation, the subject and scope of innovation, the nature of the needs being met (Table 2.3).

Table 2.3

Classification of innovations by E. A. Utkin, G. I. Morozova,

N. I. Morozova

A source : Utkin E.A., Morozova G.I., Morozova N.I. Innovation management. M .: AKALIS, 2010.

S.D. Ilyenkova, as one of the criteria of her classification, designates the depth of the changes introduced and highlights radical (basic), improving and modification innovations, in terms of such criteria as technological parameters, novelty, place in the enterprise and field of activity (Table 2.4 ).

Table 2.4

Classification of innovations according to S. D. Ilyenkova