How to make gasoline at home. How to make gasoline from water and household gas at home - an apparatus for making gasoline. Making Biodiesel at Home

How to make gasoline?

Gasoline is a hydrocarbon-containing substance that is obtained from the distillation of petroleum in industry. It is most often used in internal combustion engines to convert chemical energy into mechanical energy. This article explores this concept in detail.

Since gasoline and other automotive fuels are becoming more expensive every day, many are thinking about how to make gasoline from waste, which will be much cheaper than produced industrially.

Can you make your own gasoline?

It turns out that making gasoline in laboratory or close to them conditions is quite really. To do this, it is not necessary to have a personal oil well. Fuel can be produced from waste. The process will require the following materials and items:

Oil refining waste - it is best to take unusable rubber tires;
Stove - an electric stove is best;
Three tanks, the walls of which are made of refractory materials;
Distiller or moonshine.

How to make gasoline: progress of work

Getting 92 gasoline

Our article describes in detail what brands of gasoline are and how they differ. Let's talk more about how to make 92 gasoline (high octane). To do this, heat the mixture to the highest possible temperature. At the proposed 200°C, the gasoline yield will be only 10% or less, and if the column is heated to 500°C, the yield will be much greater. Up to the 95th gasoline, you can bring the resulting combustible mixture with the help of additives that increase octane.

The gasoline obtained in the described way is practically no different from that sold at gas stations. True, the octane number of such fuel may be lower, so it is undesirable to use it in expensive cars, as this can damage the engine. In addition, home-made gasoline needs additional purification from impurities.

If we consider the question of what gasoline is made of, then, of course, many can immediately say that it is made from oil. This statement is true, but this is just the tip of the iceberg, and the actual fuel production process is much more complicated.

Gasoline at refineries

So, it’s worth saying right away that the production process is a long process that requires patience and knowledge of chemistry.

32 people are engaged in the production of gasoline in Russia. Such a number of industrial capacities allows Russian Federation maintain a high brand of fuel. What is gasoline made from? Of course, the initial raw material for the production of this is crude oil. Let's take oil as an example. To make it clearer, 1 barrel is 159 liters. It is also important to note that during the processing of crude oil, its volume is constantly increasing and reaches 168 liters. As a result, from this volume, you can get the following amount of fuel:

102 liters of regular gasoline.
30 liters of diesel fuel.
25 liters of fuel used by aviation.
11 liters of refinery gas, which is obtained by distillation of oil.
10 liters of secondary product - petroleum coke.

How gasoline is made

In order to obtain fuel, it is necessary to carry out a number of operations with crude oil. The thing is that the initial product consists of a mixture of various hydrocarbons. It is also important to understand that each molecule of this substance contains a different number of carbon atoms. Simply put, each of these molecules has its own height and weight.

To obtain gasoline molecules, which are the simplest and lightest, it is necessary to heat crude oil until the more complex and heavier particles break down into simpler gasoline particles. In other words, if you answer the question of how gasoline is made, you can say that it is obtained by heat treatment of crude oil. However, it is worth adding to this process some more smaller processes, such as cleaning and recycling.

Production process

If you answer the question of what gasoline is made of with a simple answer - from oil, then this is not a completely true statement, since there are some impurities in this fuel, but more on that later.

To obtain fuel in its primary form, it is necessary to subject the raw material to primary processing. This treatment is understood as the purification of oil from salts, as well as water impurities. These processes are carried out under the influence of an electric field. The result of this procedure is the separation of water from oil, as well as desalting to the required level. After the completion of this procedure, they proceed to the thermal treatment of oil. It is after such procedures that such fuels are obtained - gasoline, gas, diesel.

This is followed by a catalytic reforming procedure. During this particular procedure, the resulting gasoline after primary processing converted into high octane fuel. However, such as the 92nd or 95th, are obtained by mixing different components that were obtained as a result of different processes for refining crude oil.

Octane number

If the question of what gasoline is made of has become more or less clear, then very few people know what an octane number is. Everyone knows that the name of each brand of gasoline contains an alphabetic as well as a numeric designation. Letters such as A or AI indicate the method for determining the octane number. A - motor process, AI - research. But the numbers that come after, and show the quantitative content of the octane number in the fuel.

Everyone knows that both oil and gasoline are explosive substances. Since gasoline is obtained from oil by processing it, this property does not disappear anywhere. The octane number indicates the fuel's resistance to detonation. In other words, the higher it is, the higher the safety of the fuel brand. However, it should be understood that this indicator is relative, and any spark will still cause an explosion.

The main properties of gasoline

The main properties of gasoline include such characteristics as chemical composition, as well as the ability to evaporate, burn, ignite. In addition, one can also distinguish resistance to detonation and corrosion activity.

It is important to know that all physical and Chemical properties gasoline fuel will vary depending on how much and what kind of hydrocarbons it contains. For a more illustrative example, we can take the freezing point for gasoline as a basis. During normal processing, the freezing index of this liquid is -60 degrees Celsius. However, when using additional components, this figure can reach -71 degrees Celsius. The evaporation temperature of gasoline is 30 degrees. The higher this indicator rises, the faster evaporation will occur. It is also important to note that the amount of fuel vapor from 74 grams to 123 grams or more per cubic meter will already form an explosive mixture.

Chemical properties

In order to consider the chemical properties and their stability of gasoline, it is necessary to rely on the most important indicator - the time that these properties remain unchanged. This indicator is the most important, since during long-term storage of fuel, the lightest hydrocarbons begin to evaporate, which greatly reduces the performance of the liquid as a whole. By state standards The Russian Federation follows that the chemical composition of any brand of gasoline from 92 to 98 remained unchanged for five years. This period is prescribed taking into account the storage of explosive fuel in accordance with all the rules.

mini refinery

At present, the issue with the production and purchase of fuel is quite acute, as resources are depleted, and because of this, the price of this product is constantly increasing. In the light of these events, the question arises, what is more profitable to buy - gasoline and other fuels - or to produce it yourself. It is important to understand that for most enterprises and companies, fuel costs are the most extensive. It is in this situation that many come to consider the idea of a mini-refinery. This option does not seem so bad, especially when you consider the cost of fuel and the cost of a mini-refinery. Almost every major entrepreneur can buy such a mini-factory, let alone a region of an entire country.

Types of refineries

At present, it is possible to purchase a mini oil refinery of almost any type on the market. This is the most important criterion, since these industrial capacities have to be operated in a wide variety of climatic conditions. For this reason, the market is saturated with the most different types refinery. Any specimens are present, ranging from heat-resistant and corrosion-resistant, to "Arctic" installations. Big choice Among the mini-refineries, it allows the processing of the crude product in almost any conditions.

It is worth noting that they themselves can also operate on different fuels. For their functioning, you can use natural or liquefied gas, diesel fuel, fuel oil, crude oil. This choice of fuel for the operation of the factory itself provides a wide range of options for the operation of the facility, and also allows you to satisfy any individual preference for choosing a working fuel product.

A unique combustible mixture is today used to propel cars with an internal combustion engine installed. For the first time gasoline appeared on the territory modern Russia in 1823. Then they began to produce it on primitive distillation plants, more like a moonshine still.

After successful attempts at processing and a number of unique experiments, the first plant for the production of gasoline, kerosene and other petrochemical products was opened in the city of Mozdok. From that moment, the oil industry began to develop rapidly and everyone had the opportunity to fill their car with high-quality gasoline. And every time you fill up your car, looking at this unique fuel, you ask yourself the question: “So how do they make gasoline?”

Interesting fact: At the end of the 19th century, the first internal combustion engine was created in Europe. Its creator, Gottlieb Daimler, at that moment began a real revolution, as a result of which we can see such a variety of cars and vehicles every day.

What is gasoline made from?

For the production of gasoline, it is necessary to extract clean, unpolluted oil from the bowels of the earth. To do this, they use drilling rigs and special equipment that pumps it to the surface and fills storage tanks. Via Vehicle or pipeline, it is sent to a special processing plant. Oil goes through several stages of purification and separation from the original mass of pure high-octane gasoline and other components. The result is gasoline, diesel and jet fuel. The finished product is sent for sale to all corners of the planet.

At every oil refinery, there are special tanks in which raw materials are stored until the day of gasoline production. A special pipeline fills the tanks with fresh oil from the wells and, when it is full, pumps it to the cleaning stage.

Oil enters a special apparatus for preliminary cleaning from third-party inclusions. Water is added to the raw material and gently mixed until a homogeneous mass is obtained. Electricity is passed through the contents of the tank, as a result of which the salts settle to the bottom. During the action of electricity, the oil is washed with water and purified from salts by 90%. Pure oil is distilled through the pipeline to the stage of atmospheric vacuum distillation and catalytic cracking.

Primary processing

In the atmospheric vacuum distillation apparatus, crude oil is heated to a boiling state under the influence of elevated temperature and separated into components. As a result, straight-run gasoline is obtained, which is sent for export and raw materials for further processing. After complete separation, with the help of a special pipeline system, gasoline is pumped to temporary storage, and raw materials to a vacuum unit. The boiling raw material is heated even more strongly to obtain light oil products suitable for diesel fuel. To isolate 92 and 95 fractions, the raw material is sent to the stage of catalytic reforming and cracking.

Recycling

Through the pipeline system, the feedstock enters the catalytic reformer. It is cleaned from impurities and third-party inclusions, as a result of which pure fractions are obtained. They are assigned an octane rating of 95 or 92 and sent to the blending stage. In another part of the plant, the process of catalytic cracking is carried out, as a result of which the contaminated raw material is cleaned of sulfur and third-party inclusions. After complete purification, the liquids from the two processes are mixed and gasoline is obtained.

Interesting fact: for one person on the planet, for one day of life, 2 liters of crude oil have already been extracted and processed, which you can easily buy in the form of gasoline and fill your car.

Quality checking

In a special laboratory, oil, raw materials from different stages of production and finished gasoline are checked for quality.

In case of violation technological process products are sent for additional cleaning or processing.

The whole process of oil refining is to split a viscous liquid into many molecules. Light molecules are separated, resulting in gases, diesel fuel and gasoline.

Along with the manufacture of homemade biodiesel from vegetable and animal fats, craftsmen at home also receive gasoline or a substance similar to it. Chainsaws, motorcycles and even cars are filled with such fuel. True, no one has thoroughly studied the operation of engines on such fuel and has not studied the resource capabilities of the units. But the fact is obvious - the motors function like regular gasoline.

There are a lot of technologies for making cheap gasoline with your own hands. The most famous is the pyrolysis method for obtaining gasoline in one's garage or workshop.

How to make gasoline with your own hands?

The greatest yield is obtained by using used rubber tires, as well as any other rubber products. They need to be crushed by any suitable means to a size that will allow the pieces to be pushed through the loading hole into the reactor - a metal boiler with a hermetically sealed lid with a gas outlet pipe welded into it. Fire under the reactor. The process uses the technology of decomposition of rubber into complex gas components. Rubber is sublimated, bypassing the liquid stage, immediately into a gas.

The outlet tube is connected to the condenser (refrigerator) through a water seal (so that there is no access to the reactor for oxygen). This is the simplest coil placed in cold water or a jacket cooled by running water. In it, the gas is partially condensed into a liquid, which, after additional distillation, will become home-grown gasoline. It is periodically drained through a valve installed at the far end of the refrigerator. That part of the gas that has not condensed is sent further into a tube with holes - a burner. It is set on fire, using for additional heating of the reactor.

The resulting liquid is a kind of oil that needs to be distilled in the second cycle. It is loaded into an apparatus similar to the first one, which already works as a distiller with a liquid heating temperature of no more than 200 ºС. If we divide the liquid obtained as a result of distillation into fractions (according to the order of portions of the distillate), then when testing them for combustion intensity, it can be seen that the first ones burn like gasoline, the next - like diesel fuel or kerosene. A liquid similar to gasoline and is used in gasoline engines.

Homemade Gasoline Options

By a similar method, gasoline made by one's own hands is obtained from garbage. As the latter, any plastic parts, cuttings of polyethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate bottles (ordinary plastic containers), rubber of all grades are used.

Today, artisanal do-it-yourself technologies for making gasoline (correctly, gasoline-like fuel) are known from peat, reeds, straw, seed husks, corn cobs, leaves, weeds, cane and other organic and inorganic substances.

Do-it-yourself gasoline, few people risk using it for expensive cars, since the technical parameters of this fuel and its effect on fuel equipment are not known. Homemade gasoline remains the result of interesting experiments of competent self-taught techies.

Users have a completely different attitude towards biodiesel or other biofuels obtained by industrial technologies, which have certificates of compliance with the standards in force in the country.

If you liked our article and somehow we were able to answer your questions, we will be very grateful for a good review of our site!

Vladimir Khomutko

Reading time: 4 minutes

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How is the process of obtaining gasoline from oil?

Oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbon compounds. In its raw form, it is practically not used, and in order to obtain petroleum products suitable for use, it must be processed. The bottom line is to decompose it into fractions and further process them.

Oil is processed in order to obtain high-quality fuel at large oil refineries, called refineries. Many people would be interested to know whether it is possible to reproduce the process of obtaining gasoline from oil at home and, in general, how this fuel is obtained in modern conditions. We will talk about this in this article.

It should be noted right away that in addition to gasoline, many more practically necessary products are obtained from oil. These include diesel motor fuels, kerosenes, fuel oils, lubricating and other oils, and much, much more. We can say that this mineral in the modern world is used with all the maximum possible efficiency.

Chemically, oil is 80-85 percent carbon and 12-14 percent hydrogen. The rest is sulfur and nitrogen compounds, a little oxygen and metal impurities.

Hydrocarbon petroleum compounds are divided into light and heavy, naphthenic, paraffinic and aromatic, and so on.

Oil is distilled into gasoline using a series of chemical temperature processes. The so-called straight-run gasoline is obtained by direct distillation of petroleum feedstock, and further the fractions obtained as a result of this technological process are recycled, of which there are many types (catalytic reforming, hydrocracking, catalytic and thermal cracking, and so on). But first things first.

Using this technique, gasoline began to be obtained at the dawn of the development of the automotive industry. The process itself takes place in the so-called distillation columns, however, direct distillation can also be carried out at home, which we will talk about a little later.

The essence of this process is that crude oil is heated, and with a gradual increase in temperature, it is divided into fractions with different boiling points.

The process can take place both at atmospheric pressure and in vacuum of various depths.

In the process of rectification, volatile fractions evaporate from oil at different temperatures, such as:

gasoline fraction (evaporates first at temperatures up to 180 degrees);
kerosene (evaporation occurs in the temperature range from 150 to 305 degrees);
diesel fuel (boiling point - from 180 to 360 degrees and above).

The resulting gasoline and other vapors are cooled and condensed back into a liquid state.

Immediately make a reservation that this method has a lot of significant drawbacks. These include:

a small amount of fuel obtained (only about 150 milliliters comes out of one liter of raw gasoline in this way);
the quality of straight-run gasoline is very low, with an octane number ranging from 50 to 60 units;
in order to bring straight-run gasoline to acceptable quality characteristics (up to an octane number above 90 units), a large amount of various additives is needed.

Currently, other, more advanced methods are used to obtain high-quality gasoline. The most popular of these are catalytic and thermal cracking.

Catalytic and thermal cracking

Let's make a reservation right away - these processes cannot be reproduced at home, since they are quite complex and require special technological equipment. In order not to burden you with complex physical and chemical terminology, we will try to describe these processes by which oil is processed into petroleum products in the simplest and most understandable language possible.

The essence of any cracking process is the decomposition of petroleum components into components under the influence of high temperatures and with the use of catalysts. In other words, complex hydrocarbon compounds decompose into simpler ones with a lower molecular weight (for example, gasolines).

The undoubted advantages of such technologies are:

Often, cracking processes in production lines are used with other modern technologies– catalytic reforming, hydrocracking, isomerization and so on. All these technologies pursue the same goal - obtaining the highest quality fuel and increasing the depth of oil refining.

The main qualitative characteristics of gasolines

The main indicator characterizing the quality of gasoline fuel is its octane number, which shows the knock resistance of gasoline.

In other words, detonation processes can be described as follows: a fuel-air mixture is formed in the combustion chamber of the engine, the flame in which spreads at a tremendous speed - from one and a half to two and a half thousand meters per second; if the pressure value during this ignition is too high, then additional peroxides are formed that increase the explosive force (detonation), which has an extremely negative effect on the condition of the piston group.

Currently, the most widely used gasoline, whose octane number is 92, 95 and 98 units.
It is worth saying that during operation, detonation processes in the engine can be triggered not only by fuel Low quality, but also malfunctions of the engine itself. Incorrect throttle position, incorrectly set ignition, lean fuel mixture, overheating, carbon deposits in the fuel system and other malfunctions can all cause detonation.
Numerous additives are used to increase the octane rating.

These can be alkyls, ethers, alcohols, as well as additives that increase the fuel's resistance to freezing. Previously, the most popular additive was tetraethyl lead, which increased the octane number well, but was harmful to the ecology of our environment. Settling in the lungs of a person, it significantly increased the risk of cancer. At present, its use has been practically abandoned, using environmentally friendly types of additives.

Moonshine is ideal for homemade gasoline. The problem remains the same - where to get crude oil? We will leave this question unanswered, and the essence of the oil refining process is as follows:
a sealed container is taken, equipped with a gas outlet pipe and a high-temperature thermometer to measure the internal temperature of the medium in the container;
crude oil is poured into a container, which is hermetically sealed with a lid (the gas outlet pipe must be lowered into another container);
the container with raw materials begins to heat up (it is best to use electric heaters, since the use of gas is fraught with ignition of a combustible oil mixture and explosion);
the second container is placed in a cold room, the temperature in which should be approximately + 5 degrees Celsius (if there is no such room, then the gas outlet pipe must be cooled (for example, with ice);

after the temperature in the first heated container reaches 150-180 degrees (sometimes lower values are enough), light gasoline fractions begin to evaporate (most often, evaporation begins within 100-120 degrees);
since either the second container or the tube is much colder than the oil vapors passing through it, they condense, and liquid gasoline flows into the second container.

That's the whole process of obtaining straight-run gasoline.
We remind you that its quality will be very low, and without the addition of additives it cannot be used for its intended purpose.