The chemical composition of drinking water norm table. Water quality standards. memo on drinking water guests. Why does water get polluted

Drinking water quality standards SanPiN 2.1.4.1074-01. Drinking water. (WHO, EU, USEPA). Potable water packaged in containers (according to SanPiN 2.1.4.1116 - 02), indicators of vodkas (according to PTR 10-12292-99 with changes 1,2,3), water for the production of beer and non-alcoholic products , network and feed water of hot water boilers (according to RD 24.031.120-91), feed water for boilers (according to GOST 20995-75), distilled water (according to GOST 6709-96), water for electronic equipment (according to OST 11.029.003- 80, ASTM D-5127-90), for electroplating (according to GOST 9.314-90), for hemodialysis (according to GOST 52556-2006), purified water (according to FS 42-2619-97 and EP IV 2002), water for injection (according to FS 42-2620-97 and EP IV 2002), water for irrigation of greenhouse crops.

This section contains the main indicators of water quality standards for various industries.
Quite reliable data from an excellent and respected company in the field of water treatment and water treatment "Altir" from Vladimir

1. Standards for the quality of drinking water SanPiN 2.1.4.1074-01. Drinking water. (WHO, EU, USEPA).

s.-t. - sanitary and toxicological
org. - organoleptic
The value indicated in brackets in all tables can be set at the direction of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor.

2. Standards for the quality of drinking water packaged in containers (according to SanPiN 2.1.4.1116 - 02).

3. The optimal value of physicochemical and microelement indicators of vodkas (according to MFR 10-12292-99 with changes 1,2,3)

3.1. Optimal values ​​of physicochemical and microelement indicators of vodkas

3.2. The lower limits of the content of trace elements in process water for the preparation of vodkas

4. Standards for the quality of drinking water for the production of beer and non-alcoholic products.

5. Standards for the quality of network and make-up water for hot water boilers (according to RD 24.031.120-91).

Notes:

1. The numerator indicates the values ​​for solid fuel boilers, the denominator - for liquid and gaseous.
2. For heating networks in which hot water boilers operate in parallel with boilers with brass pipes, the upper pH limit of the supply water should not exceed 9.5.
3. The content of dissolved oxygen is indicated for mains water; for make-up water, it should not exceed 50 μg / kg.

6. Standards for the quality of feed water for boilers (according to GOST 20995-75).

* The numerator indicates the values ​​for boilers operating on liquid fuel with a local heat flow of more than 350 kW / m 2, and in the denominator - for boilers operating on other types of fuel with a local heat flow of up to 350 kW / m 2 inclusive.
** If there is a phase of preliminary liming or soda-limeization in the system of preparation of additional water of industrial and heating boilers, as well as if the carbonate hardness of the initial water is more than 3.5 mg-eq / dm 3 and if there is one of the phases of water treatment (sodium-cationization or ammonium —Sodium — cationization) an increase in the upper limit of the pH value up to 10.5 is allowed.
When operating vacuum deaerators, it is allowed to lower the lower limit of the pH value to 7.0.

7. Standards for the quality of distilled water (according to GOST 6709-96).

8. Standards for water quality for electronic equipment (according to OST 11.029.003-80, ASTM D-5127-90).

9. Standards of water quality for electroplating industries (according to GOST 9.314-90)

Table 1

* The norms of ingredients for water of the 3rd category are determined in accordance with GOST 6709.

Note. In systems for repeated use of water, the content of harmful ingredients in purified water is allowed higher than in Table 1, but not higher than the permissible values ​​in the washing bath after the washing operation (Table 2).

table 2

Notes:

1. The main component (ion) of a given solution or electrolyte is taken as the one for which the washing criterion is the greatest.
2. When washing products with particularly high requirements, the permissible concentrations of the main component can be established empirically.

The concentrations of the main ingredients in the water at the outlet from the electroplating industry are shown in Table 3.

1.3. In the electroplating industry, water reuse systems should be used to ensure

10. Standards of water quality for hemodialysis (according to GOST 52556-2006).

11. Quality standards "Purified water" (according to FS 42-2619-97 and EP IV 2002).

12. Quality standards "Water for injection" (according to FS 42-2620-97 and EP IV 2002).

GOST 2874-82 (basic provisions)

DRINKING WATER. Hygiene requirements and quality control.

Valid from 01/01/85 to 01/01/95

This standard applies to drinking water supplied

centralized drinking water supply systems, as well as

centralized water supply systems supplying water simultaneously for household, drinking and technical purposes, and sets hygiene requirements and control over the quality of drinking water. The standard does not apply to water in case of non-centralized use of local sources without a distribution network of pipes.

Hygiene requirements

Drinking water must be epidemiologically safe, harmless chemical composition and have favorable organoleptic properties.

The quality of water is determined by its composition and properties when entering the water supply network; at the points of water intake of the external and internal water supply network.

In terms of microbiological indicators, drinking water must meet the following requirements:

1) The number of microorganisms in 1 cm3 of water, no more than 100 in accordance with GOST 18963-73

2) The number of bacteria of the group of Escherichia coli in 1 dm3 of water (coli-index), no more than 3 in accordance with GOST 18963-73

Toxicological indicators of water quality

Toxicological indicators of water quality characterize the harmlessness of its chemical composition and include standards for substances:

· Emerging as a result of industrial, agricultural, household and other pollution of water supply sources.

Concentration chemical substances found in natural waters or added to water during its processing should not exceed the standards:

Residual aluminum (Al), mg / dm3, no more than 0.5 According to GOST 18165-89

Beryllium (Be), mg / dm3, no more than 0.0002 According to GOST 18294-89

Molybdenum (Mo), mg / dm3, no more than 0.25 According to GOST 18308-72

Arsenic (As), mg / dm3, no more than 0.05 According to GOST 4152-89

Nitrates (NO3), mg / dm3, no more than 45.0 According to GOST 18826-73

Residual polyacrylamide, mg / dm3, no more than 2.0 According to GOST 19355-85

Lead (Pb), mg / dm3, no more than 0.03 According to GOST 18293-72

Selenium (Se), mg / dm3, no more than 0.01 According to GOST 19413-89

Strontium (Sr), mg / dm3, no more than 7.0 According to GOST 23950-88

Fluorine (F), mg / dm3, no more for climatic regions:

According to GOST 4386-88 I and II 1.5; III 1.2; IV 0.7

Organoleptic characteristics of water

Indicators providing favorable organoleptic properties of water include standards for substances:

· Found in natural waters;

· Added to water during processing in the form of reagents;

· Emerging as a result of industrial, agricultural and domestic pollution of water supply sources.

The concentration of chemicals that affect the organoleptic properties of water, found in natural waters or added to water during its processing, should not exceed the standards:

Iron (Fe), mg / dm3, no more than 0.3 According to GOST 4011-72

Total hardness, mol / m3, no more than 7.0 According to GOST 4151-72

Manganese (Mn), mg / dm3, no more than 0.1 According to GOST 4974-72

Copper (Cu2 +), mg / dm3, no more than 1.0 According to GOST 4388-72

Residual polyphosphates (PO3-4), mg / dm3, not more than 3.5 According to GOST 18309-72

Sulfates (SO4--), mg / dm3, no more than 500 According to GOST 4389-72

Dry residue, mg / dm3, no more than 1000 According to GOST 18164-72

Chlorides (Cl-), mg / dm3, no more than 350 According to GOST 4245-72

Zinc (Zn2 +), mg / dm3, not more than 5.0 According to GOST 18293-72

Organoleptic properties of water must meet the requirements:

Smell at 20 ° С and when heated to 60 °, points, no more than 2

According to GOST 3351-74

Taste and smack at 20 ° С, points, no more than 2 According to GOST 3351-74

Chromaticity, degrees, no more than 20 According to GOST 3351-74

Turbidity on a standard scale, mg / dm3, no more than 1.5 According to GOST 3351-74

· Water should not contain aquatic organisms visible to the naked eye and should not have a film on the surface.

SanPiN 2.1.4.559-96

"Drinking water. Hygienic requirements for water quality in centralized drinking water supply systems. Quality control" was approved by the decree of the State Committee for Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision of the Russian Federation dated 10.24.1996 and put into effect on July 1, 1997.

The adoption of this document was a major breakthrough in monitoring the quality of drinking water in Russia, as it was created on the basis of the latest developments and data from Russian scientists and taking into account the WHO recommendations. SanPiN establishes hygienic requirements for drinking water, normalizes the content of harmful chemicals most often found in natural waters, as well as entering water supply sources as a result economic activity human, determines the organoleptic and some physical and chemical parameters of drinking water.

It should be noted here that contrary to the prevailing (still) opinion about the backwardness of our regulatory framework, according to most parameters, the Russian SanPiN meets the WHO recommendations and is not inferior to foreign standards, and in some ways even surpasses them.

Sanitary rules and regulations "Drinking water. Hygienic requirements for water quality in centralized drinking water supply systems. Quality control establishes hygienic requirements for the quality of drinking water, as well as rules for monitoring the quality of water produced and supplied by centralized drinking water supply systems in populated areas."

(1. GOST 2874-82 "DRINKING WATER. Hygiene requirements and quality control" 1982

2. SanPiN 2.1.4.559-96 “Drinking water. Hygienic requirements for water quality of centralized drinking water supply systems. Quality Control "1996)

The Ministry of Ecology of the Russian Federation compiles an annual rating of the best cities in Russia according to the compliance of the chemical composition of drinking water with the norm and a number of environmental indications. For example, in 2014, Moscow, Omsk, Gorno-Altaysk, Voronezh, Krasnodar, Perm were among the leaders. Nefteyugansk, Stavropol, Kerch, Petrozavodsk were named among the "lagging" cities. In 2013, directly in terms of water quality and water consumption, Yoshkar-Ola and Saransk became leaders.

However, at the international level, when assessing the cleanest and highest quality water resource, Russia did not get into the Top 10, giving way to Switzerland, Sweden, Norway, Finland, Costa Rica, Australia, New Zealand, Latvia, France, etc. In this competition, organoleptic, chemical, microbiological properties of water, which are taken into account when establishing regulatory parameters.

In the world, these standards regulate:

• Geneva-based Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality
• Uniform sanitary and epidemiological and hygienic requirements for controlled goods, adopted by the Commission of the Customs Union.

SanPiN and GOST requirements

Russian regulations also include quality requirements for organoleptic properties (with an assessment of odor, turbidity, taste, etc.), chemical composition (hardness, oxidizability, alkalinity, etc.), viral-bacteriological and radiological characteristics.

So, for example, on a 6-point scale, on which 1-2 is a weak manifestation, and 5-6 is a strong (sharp), indicators of drinking water are normal in terms of smell both at + 20 ° C and at + 60 ° C should not exceed 2 points. For other parameters, according to table No. 4 of SanPiN, the limits are set:

• up to 20 degrees in color (or up to 35 degrees for a specific water supply system by order of the chief sanitary doctor);
• up to 1.5 mg / l and up to 2.6 EMF (for kaolin and formazin, respectively) - for turbidity,
• up to 2 points for taste.

Radiation safety in standard indicators (Bq / l):

• for total alpha radioactivity - 0.1;
• for total beta radioactivity - 1.

The drinking water quality standards according to SanPiN and GOST, established for use, describe in detail the parameters of the content of chemicals (see SanPiN, tables 2 and 3).

Table 2 (SanPiN)

At the same time, there are a number of additions and comments:

• Sign<1>defines the sanitary-toxicological ("s.-t.") and organoleptic ("org.") standards.
• Sign<2>suggests that the standard indicator, by order of the chief sanitary doctor, can be changed for a specific water supply system.
• Sign<3>characterizes the standards adopted according to the WHO recommendations.

Table 3 (SanPiN)

In the notes to this table:

• The WHO standard is noted<2>,
• <1>means that during water disinfection, the contact of water with free chlorine should not exceed 30 minutes, and contact with bound chlorine - 60 minutes.
• <3>means that to determine the residual ozone content, it is necessary to provide a contact time of 12 minutes. in the mixing chamber.

Substances with similar properties can synergistically enhance the negative effect when acting together on the body. In the event of such a hazard, the effect of these substances is calculated separately, after which it is accepted final decision about the possibility of using the water resource.

So, if several chemical substances of hazard classes 1 and 2 are found during the analysis, the sum of the ratios of the concentrations of each substance ("C fact." In the formula) to its maximum permissible concentration ("C add.") Should not exceed one:

Quality control

During the operation of water supply systems, responsibility for quality rests with a legal entity or individual entrepreneur, which carry out control both at the points of water intake and at the points of water intake, and at the intermediate stage of the resource flow into the distribution network. Depending on the location, the rules govern the frequency and number of checks.

At the points of water intake, microbiological and organoleptic samples from underground sources are taken at least 4 times a year (according to seasons); from surface sources - at least 12 times. Inorganic / organic samples from underground sources - once a year and from surface sources - every season. Radiological - regardless of the source - once a year.

Studies of samples before entering the water distribution network are carried out more often and depend on a larger number of factors (see Table 7 of SanPiN).

During periods of flood or emergencies, control is further enhanced.

Compliance with drinking water quality standards is determined with a high degree of certainty even at home. For this, portable analyzers are used, supplied with a ready-to-use set of reagents. Approximate values ​​are compared with tabular values. The disadvantage of devices is that for regular correct operation, they need to be periodically calibrated in special laboratories accredited in the field of quality control.

Fluoridation of water

The issue of controlled fluoridation is related to the issue of introducing systemic measures to prevent caries. The fluorine norm in drinking water is determined by GOST 2874-73 and is in the following permissible fluorine concentrations, depending on the climatic region (1-4):

• 1-2 district: 1.5mg / l
• 3rd - 1.2mg / l
• 4th - 0.7mg / l.

At the same time, exceeding the permissible concentration leads to chronic toxic effects even before reaching the "threshold for the sensation of taste" (10 mg / l), however, the absence of fluorine negatively affects the health of consumers. This makes it necessary to determine the rate not only for the maximum permissible, but also for the optimal, as well as the minimum concentration, which introduces a new principle of standardization of chemical agents and distinguishes fluorine from other elements. Thus, concentration gradations in mg / l were proposed for cold and temperate (1 and 2) climatic regions:

• <0,3 – очень низкая,
• 0.31-0.7 - low,
• 0.71-1.1 - optimal,
• 1.12-1.5 - increased, but permissible by permission of sanitary authorities in the absence of other sources of water supply,
• 2 - above the maximum allowable,
• 2.1-6 - high,
• 15 - very high.

The WHO expert commission in 1994 set the upper concentration limit at 1.0 mg / l, and the lower one at 0.5 mg / l, regardless of the climate. An Australian systematic review since 2007 has recommended 0.6-1.1 mg / L as the range for fluoride concentration.

GOST R 51232-98

UDC 663.6: 006.354

Group Н08

STATE STANDARD OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

DRINKING WATER

General requirements for the organization and methods of quality control

Drinking water.

General requirements for organization and quality control methods

OKS 13.060.20

Date of introduction 1999-07-01

Foreword

1 DEVELOPED Technical Committee for Standardization TC 343 "Water Quality" (VNIIstandart, MosvodokanalNIIproekt, GUP TsIKV, UNIIM, NIIEChGO named after A.N. Sysin GITSPV)

INTRODUCED Department of Agrolegprom and Chemical Products of the State Standard of Russia

2 ACCEPTED AND COMMISSIONED Resolution of the State Standard of Russia dated December 17, 1998 No. 449

3 INTRODUCED FOR THE FIRST TIME

4. REDISSION... December 2002

1 area of ​​use

This standard applies to drinking water produced and supplied by centralized drinking water supply systems, and establishes general requirements for the organization and methods of drinking water quality control.

The standard applies to the requirements for control methods and for drinking water of decentralized and autonomous water supply systems.

The standard is also applied when carrying out certification works.

2 Normative references

GOST 8.315-97 GSI. Standard samples of composition and properties of substances and materials. Basic Provisions

GOST 8.417-81 GSI. Physical units

GOST 3351-74 Drinking water. Methods for the determination of taste, odor, color and turbidity

GOST 4011-72 Drinking water. Methods for measuring the mass concentration of total iron

GOST 4151-72 Drinking water. Method for determining total hardness

GOST 4152-89 Drinking water. Method for determination of mass concentration of arsenic

GOST 4192-89 Drinking water. Method for determination of mineral nitrogen-containing substances

GOST 4245-72 Drinking water. Methods for determination of chloride content

GOST 4386-89 Drinking water. Methods for determining the mass concentration of fluorides

GOST 4388-72 Drinking water. Methods for determining the mass concentration of copper

GOST 4389-72 Drinking water. Methods for determination of sulfate content

GOST 4974-72 Drinking water. Methods for determining the content of manganese

GOST 18164-72 Drinking water. Method for determination of solids content

GOST 18165-89 Drinking water. Method for determining the mass concentration of aluminum

GOST 18190-72 Drinking water. Methods for determining the content of residual active chlorine

GOST 18293-72 Drinking water. Methods for determining the content of lead, zinc, silver

GOST 18294-89 Drinking water. Method for determining the mass concentration of beryllium

GOST 18301-72 Drinking water. Methods for determination of residual ozone content

GOST 18308-72 Drinking water. Method for determination of molybdenum content

GOST 18309-72 Drinking water. Method for determination of polyphosphate content

GOST 18826-73 Drinking water. Methods for determining the content of nitrates

GOST 18963-73 Drinking water. Methods of sanitary and bacteriological analysis

GOST 19355-85 Drinking water. Methods for the determination of polyacrylamide

GOST 19413-89 Drinking water. Methods for determining the mass concentration of selenium

GOST 23950-88 Drinking water. Method for determination of mass concentration of strontium

GOST 27384-2002 Water. Norms of error in measurements of indicators of composition and properties

GOST R ISO / IEC 17025-2000 General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories

GOST R 8.563-96 GSI. Measurement Techniques

GOST R 51000.4-96 GSS. Accreditation system in the Russian Federation. General requirements for the accreditation of testing laboratories

GOST R 51209-98 Drinking water. Method for determination of the content of organochlorine pesticides by gas-liquid chromatography

GOST R 51210-98 Drinking water. Method for determination of boron content

GOST R 51211-98 Drinking water. Methods for determining the content of surfactants

GOST R 51212-98 Drinking water. Methods for determination of total mercury content by flameless atomic absorption spectrometry

GOST R 51592-2000 Water. General requirements for sampling

GOST R 51593-2000 Drinking water. Sample selection

3 General

3.1 This standard is applied when organizing production control and choosing methods for determining the quality indicators of drinking water and water supply, when assessing the state of measurements in laboratories, during their certification and accreditation, as well as when exercising metrological control and supervision over the activities of laboratories carrying out quality control ( determination of the composition and properties) of drinking water and water source.

3.2 The quality of drinking water must comply with the requirements of the current sanitary rules and regulations, approved in the prescribed manner.

3.3 Production control of drinking water quality is organized and (or) carried out by organizations operating water supply systems and responsible for the quality of drinking water supplied to the consumer.

3.4 The organization of work of production control must ensure measurement conditions that allow obtaining reliable and timely information on the quality of drinking water in units of quantities established by GOST 8.417, with an error of definitions not exceeding the standards established by GOST 27384, using measuring instruments entered in the state register of approved types of measuring instruments and verified. The methods used to determine the indicators of the quality of drinking water must be standardized or certified in accordance with the requirements of GOST R 8.563; to determine biological indicators, it is allowed to use the methods approved by the Ministry of Health of Russia.

3.5 Laboratories are subject to assessment of the state of measurements according to and (or) accreditation in accordance with GOST R ISO / IEC 17025, GOST R 51000.4.

3.6 Water control for the presence of pathogenic microorganisms is carried out in laboratories that have permission to work with pathogens of the corresponding pathogenicity group and a license to perform these works.

3.7 Production control of drinking water quality includes:

Determination of the composition and properties of water from the source of water supply and drinking water at the points of water intake, before it enters the water supply network, distribution network;

Incoming control of the availability of accompanying documentation (technical specifications, certificate of conformity or hygienic certificate (hygienic conclusion) for reagents, materials and other products used in the process of water treatment;

Input selective control of products used in the water treatment process for compliance with the requirements and regulatory documents for a specific product;

In accordance with the technological regulations, operational control of the optimal doses of reagents introduced for water purification;

Development of a control schedule agreed with the territorial bodies of the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision of Russia and (or) departmental sanitary and epidemiological supervision in the prescribed manner, which must contain controlled indicators; frequency and number of samples taken; points and dates of sampling, etc .;

Urgent informing of sanitary and epidemiological control centers about all cases of drinking water quality control results that do not meet hygienic standards, first of all, excess in microbiological and toxicological indicators;

Monthly informing of sanitary and epidemiological control centers about the results of production control.

3.8 When making administrative decisions to assess the excess of the results of determining the content of the controlled indicator in relation to the hygienic standard for the quality of drinking water, the results of determining the content of the controlled indicator are accepted for consideration without taking into account the values ​​of the error characteristic. In this case, the determination error must comply with the established standards.

3.9 To determine the quality of drinking water, laboratories accredited in accordance with the established procedure for technical competence in performing tests of the quality of drinking water may be involved on a contractual basis; when conducting arbitration and certification tests - for technical competence and legal independence.

3.10 Laboratories must comply with safety, fire safety and industrial sanitation requirements.

4 Production control

4.1 Production control of water quality is carried out at the points of water intake from the water supply source, before it enters the distribution water supply network, as well as at the points of the distribution network.

Water quality control at various stages of the water treatment process is carried out in accordance with the technological regulations.

4.2 The number of points for water sampling and their location at the water intake, in clean water tanks and in pressure pipelines, before entering the distribution network, is established by the owners of the water supply systems (external and internal) in agreement with the bodies of the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision of Russia and (or) the departmental sanitary and epidemiological surveillance. Water sampling from the distribution network is carried out from street water-distributing devices on the main main lines, on its most elevated and dead-end sections, as well as from the taps of the internal water supply networks of houses.

It is allowed to take samples from pipeline valves introduced into the production laboratory from the main control points of the drainage system, if this ensures the stability of the composition of the water at the stage of its transportation through the pipeline to the laboratory.

4.3 Sampling, conservation, storage and transportation of water samples is carried out in accordance with GOST R 51592, GOST R 51593, as well as in accordance with the requirements of standards and other current regulatory documents on methods for determining a specific indicator, approved in the prescribed manner.

4.4 In terms of metrological support, laboratories must meet the following conditions:

Application of verified measuring instruments;

Use of state and interstate reference materials (SSS);

Use of standardized and (or) certified determination methods, as well as methods approved by the Ministry of Health of Russia;

Availability of updated documents on control indicators and analysis methods;

Continuously operating internal laboratory quality control of the results of determinations;

Professional development system for laboratory personnel.

4.5 To control the quality of drinking water, use the determination methods specified for:

Generalized indicators in table 2;

Some inorganic substances in table 3;

Some organic substances in table 4;

Some of the harmful chemicals entering and forming during water treatment are shown in Table 5;

Organoleptic properties of drinking water in table 6;

Radiation safety of drinking water in table 7.

Table 2 - Methods for determining generalized indicators of drinking water quality

Table 3 - Methods for determining the content of some inorganic substances in drinking water

Table 4 - Methods for determining the content of some organic substances in drinking water

Table 5 - Methods for the determination of harmful chemicals entering and forming during water treatment

Table 6 - Methods for determining the organoleptic properties of drinking water

Table 7 - Methods for determining the radiation safety of drinking water

It is allowed to use other determination methods that meet the requirements of 3.4.

For indicators not included in Tables 3 and 4, methods are used that meet the requirements of 3.4, and in their absence, the methodology is developed and certified in the prescribed manner.

4.6 For the methods given in the state standards specified in tables 2, 3, 5, 6, which have insufficient information about the error characteristic (and its components), the required values ​​of the error characteristic (and its components) are calculated in accordance with Appendix A.

4.7 When choosing approved procedures, take into account the following:

Measurement ranges;

Error characteristics;

Availability of measuring instruments, auxiliary equipment, reference materials, reagents and materials;

Assessment of influencing factors;

Personnel qualifications.

4.8 The methods should contain metrological characteristics and the corresponding control standards, interconnected with the assigned (permissible) characteristics of the error of the analysis results or its components.

4.9 The measurement error should not exceed the values ​​established by GOST 27384.

4.10 The applied control method should have the lower limit of the range of the determined contents of not more than 0.5 MPC.

4.11 The introduction of determination methods into laboratory practice is carried out after confirmation of its metrological characteristics by conducting internal operational control (EQA) of the quality of the determination results (repeatability, reproducibility, accuracy) in accordance with the requirements specified in the methodology. In the absence of characteristics of the error in the ND on the methodology, as well as algorithms for FOC standards, the implementation of the methodology is carried out according to the following scheme:

Approbation with the use of distilled water with the addition of the determined indicator, prepared from the corresponding GSO;

Determination of the indicator using a real (working) water sample;

Determination of the indicator using a real water sample with the addition of the determined indicator (hereinafter - “encrypted sample”), prepared from the corresponding GSO.

Conclusions on the implementation of the technique are made in accordance with the control algorithms given in Appendix B.

The implementation of the methodology is drawn up in the manner prescribed by the organization.

Note - If a calculated value of the error characteristic has been established for the determination procedure and, when the procedure is implemented, it is established that it is impossible to obtain satisfactory EQA results, then a different calculated value of the error characteristic must be established, or for these purposes a different determination method is used.

4.12 The reference materials (CRMs) used must comply with the requirements of GOST 8.315, have, as a rule, the rank of state (interstate) and, upon admission to the laboratory, must be accompanied by a passport.

In the absence of CRMs in the state register, the use of mixtures certified in accordance with the established procedure is allowed. Certification of mixtures - according to.

4.13 It is allowed to control the quality indicators of drinking water by automatic and automated measuring instruments (analyzers) entered in the state register of approved types of measuring instruments.

4.14 When obtaining the results of determination less than the lower limit of the measurement range according to the applied method and when presenting these results, it is not allowed to use the designation “0”; record the value of the lower limit of the measurement range with a less sign.

5 Internal operational control

5.1 Internal operational quality control of the determination results (EQA) is carried out in order to prevent the laboratory from receiving unreliable information on the composition of drinking water and water source.

5.2 Requirements for the organization and conduct of an EQA are given in.

5.3 Conduct an EQA for the precision, reproducibility and accuracy of the test results.

5.4 EQA of accuracy is carried out, as a rule, using the method of adding standard samples, certified mixtures to working samples of drinking water.

5.5 Algorithms for conducting the EQA of the quality of the determination results are given in the methods for determination, and if absent in the methods, in and in Appendix B.

5.6 To assess the real quality of the results of determinations and effectively manage this quality, it is advisable to supplement the EQA with internal statistical control in accordance with.

5.7 For accredited laboratories, the EQA system is agreed with the accreditation body and established in the quality manual of the accredited laboratory.

APPENDIX A

(reference)

Calculation of the characteristics of the error and its components based on the data given in the normative documents on the methods for determining the content of the indicator

Legend:

Δ is the characteristic of the error of the determination results (the half-width of the interval in which the error of the determination results is found with the accepted probability R = 0,95);

Characteristics of the error of the results of determinations (standard deviation, characterizing the accuracy of the results of determinations);

Δ c - characteristic of the systematic component of the error (half-width of the interval in which the systematic component of the error of the determination results is found with the accepted probability R = 0,95);

Characteristics of the systematic component of the error (standard deviation, characterizing the correctness of the results of determinations);

Characteristics of the random component of the error (standard deviation, characterizing the reproducibility of the determination results);

Characteristics of the component of the random component of the error (standard deviation, characterizing the convergence of the results of determinations);

Δ n - permissible value (norm) of the error;

d- standard for operational control of convergence (permissible discrepancy between the results of parallel determinations);

D- standard for operational control of reproducibility (permissible discrepancy between the results of the analysis of the same sample, obtained under reproducibility conditions);

ξ is a coefficient that establishes a relationship between the characteristic of the random component of the error and the component of the random component of the error.

APPENDIX B

(reference)

Algorithms for conducting internal operational quality control of the results of determinations in accordance with[ 48 ]

B.1 Operational quality control of the results of determinations is carried out once during a period of time in which the conditions for carrying out determinations are assumed to be stable. The volume of samples for conducting EQA quality control results also depends on the established statistical control plans (see, for example, c).

B.2 Algorithm for real-time accuracy control

B.2.1 In operational control of accuracy, the control means is a specially selected working sample from among those previously analyzed with the addition of a standard sample or a certified mixture. It is recommended that the range of the content of the component in the working sample is in the area of ​​the most typical (average) values ​​for working samples. The content of the added additive should be comparable in magnitude with the average content of the measured component in the working samples and correspond to the range of determined contents according to the method used. The additive is introduced into the sample before preparing the sample for analysis in accordance with the procedure.

In the case when it is technically difficult to use working samples with additives as a means of control, solutions of standard samples or certified mixtures are used as a means of control.

B.2.2 The decision on the satisfactory accuracy of the results of the determinations and on their continuation is made subject to:

|Y - X - C| ≤ K, (B.1)

where Y- the content of the determined component in the sample with the additive;

X- the content of the analyte in the sample without additive;

WITH- the content of the determined component in the introduced additive, calculated on the basis of the certified value of its content in a standard sample or a certified mixture;

TO- standard of operational control of accuracy.

(B.2)

where Δ k- the characteristic of the error corresponding to the content of the component in the sample with the additive;

Δ p- error characteristic corresponding to the content of the component in the sample without additive.

B.2.3 If the laboratory determines the composition of pure natural and drinking water and it is known that the content of the controlled component in the working sample is negligible, then the decision on the satisfactory accuracy of the determination results is taken under the condition:

|X - C| ≤ K wherein K= 0.84 Δ, (B.3)

where Δ is an error characteristic corresponding to the content of a component in a standard sample or in a certified mixture.

The same condition is applied when using solutions of standard samples or certified mixtures as a means of control.

B.2.4 If the WOC standard of accuracy is exceeded, the determination is repeated. If the specified standard is exceeded again, the determination is suspended, the reasons leading to unsatisfactory results are found out, and they are eliminated.

B.3 Algorithm for conducting internal operational control of convergence

B.3.1 Operational control of convergence is carried out if the methodology provides for parallel determinations.

B.3.2 EQA of the convergence of the analysis results is carried out upon receipt of each result, providing for parallel determinations.

B.3.3 EQA convergence is carried out by comparing the discrepancy between the results of parallel determinations obtained by analyzing the sample with the EQA convergence standard given in the certified method.

The convergence of the results of parallel determinations is considered satisfactory if

d k = X man, n - X min, n ≤ d, (B.4)

where X man , n- the maximum result from n parallel definitions;

X min , n- the minimum result from n parallel definitions;

d- the standard of VOC convergence, given in the analysis method.

If the VOC standard of convergence in the method is absent, then it is calculated by the formula

(B.5)

where Q(P, n) = 2.77 for n = 2, P = 0,95;

Q(P, n) = 3.31 for n = 3, P = 0,95;

Q(P, n) = 3.63 for n = 4, P = 0,95;

Q(P, n) = 3.86 at n = 5, P = 0,95;

Convergence indicator (characteristic of the component of the random component of the error corresponding to the content of the indicator in the sample).

B.3.4 If dTo ≤ d, then the convergence of the results of parallel determinations is considered satisfactory, and from them the result of determining the content of a component in a working sample or during a control determination can be calculated.

B.3.5 If the convergence rate is exceeded, the determination is repeated. If the specified standard is exceeded again, the determination is suspended, the reasons leading to unsatisfactory results are found out and eliminated.

B.4 Algorithm for conducting internal operational control of reproducibility

B.4.1 Operational control of reproducibility is carried out using a working sample, which is divided into two parts and issued to two analysts or to the same analyst, but after a certain period of time, during which the conditions of the determination remain stable and corresponding to the conditions of the first control determination.

When conducting a determination by the same analyst, the conditions for the analysis and the composition of the controlled sample, which is issued necessarily "encrypted", must remain unchanged.

The results are considered satisfactory if the condition is met

(B.6)

where D- standard for internal operational control of reproducibility;

X 1 - the result of the first quantitative determination of the indicator;

X 2 - the result of repeated quantitative determination of the indicator;

DTo- the result obtained in the control determination.

B.4.2 If the standard for internal operational control of reproducibility is absent in the procedure, then it is calculated by the formula

or (B.7)

where is the reproducibility index (characteristic of the random component of the error corresponding to the content of the component in the sample):

(B.8)

Q(P, m) = 2.77 for m = 2, P = 0,95;

Q(P, m) = 2.8 for m = 2, P = 0,95.

B.4.3 If the reproducibility WOC standard is exceeded, the determination is repeated. If the specified standard is exceeded again, the reasons leading to unsatisfactory control results are found out and eliminated.

APPENDIX B

(reference)

MUK 4.2.671-97 Methodical instructions. Control methods. Biological and microbiological factors. Methods of sanitary and microbiological analysis of drinking water. Approved by the Russian Ministry of Health. M., 1997

ISO 8467-93 Water quality. Determination of the permanganate index. Guidelines for the implementation of the new GOST 2761-84 “Sources of centralized drinking water supply. Hygienic, technical requirements and selection rules ”. Approved by the USSR Ministry of Health. M., 1986

RD 52.24.476-95 Methodical instructions. IR photometric determination of oil products in waters. Approved by Roshydromet

RD 52.24.488-95 Methodical instructions. Photometric determination of the total content of volatile phenols in water after stripping with steam. Approved by Roshydromet.

ISO 6439-90 Water quality. Determination of the phenolic index with 4-amino-antipyrine. Spectrometric methods after distillation

RD 52.24.377-95 Methodical instructions. Atomic absorption determination of metals (Al, Ag, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, V, Zn) in land surface waters with direct electrothermal atomization of samples. Approved by Roshydromet

ISO 11885-96 Water quality. Determination of 33 elements by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry

UMI-87 Unified water quality research methods. Part 1, book. 2, 3. Methods of chemical analysis of waters. SEV, M., 1987

RD 52.24.377-95 Methodical instructions. Atomic absorption determination of metals (Al, Ag, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, V, Zn) in land surface waters with direct electrothermal atomization of samples. Approved by Roshydromet

ISO 9390-90 Water quality. Determination of borate. Spectrometric method using azomethine-H

MUK 4.1.057-96 Collection of guidelines MUK 4.1.057-96 - MUK 4.1.081-96. Control methods. Chemical factors. Measurement of mass concentration of substances by luminescent methods in environmental objects. Approved by the Ministry of Health of Russia, M., 1996

RD 52.24.436-95 Methodical instructions. Photometric determination of cadmium with cadion in waters. Approved by Roshydromet

ISO 5961-94 Water quality. Determination of cadmium by atomic absorption spectrometry.

ISO 8288-86 Water quality. Determination of the content of cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, cadmium and lead. Spectrometric method of atomic absorption in a flame.

RD 52.24.377-95 Methodical instructions. Atomic absorption determination of metals (Al, Ag, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, V, Zn) in land surface waters with direct electrometric atomization of samples. Approved by Roshydromet

ISO 8288-86 Water quality. Determination of the content of cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, cadmium and lead. Flame atomic absorption spectrometric method

MUK 4.1.063-96 Collection of guidelines MUK 4.1.057-96 - MUK 4.1.081-96. Control methods. Chemical factors. Measurement of mass concentration of substances by luminescent methods in environmental objects. Approved by the Ministry of Health of Russia, M., 1996

RD 52.24.371-95 Methodical instructions. Methods for measuring the mass concentration of copper, lead and cadmium in the surface waters of the land by the inversion voltammetric method. Approved by Roshydromet

RD 52.24.378-95 Methodical instructions. Stripping voltammetric determination of arsenic in waters. Approved by Roshydromet

RD 33-5.3.02-96 Water quality. Quantitative chemical analysis of waters. Methods for measuring the mass concentration of arsenic in natural and treated wastewater by titrometric method with lead salt in the presence of dithizone

RD 20.1: 2: 3.19-95 Methods for measuring beryllium, vanadium, bismuth, cadmium, cobalt, copper, molybdenum, arsenic, nickel, tin, lead, selenium, silver, antimony in natural drinking and waste waters

RD 52.24.494-95 Methodical instructions. Photometric determination of nickel with dimethylglyoxime in surface land waters. Approved by Roshydromet

RD 52.24.380-95 Methodical instructions. Photometric determination of nitrates in waters with the Griss reagent after reduction in a cadmium reducer. Approved by Roshydromet

ISO 7890-1-86 Water quality. Determination of nitrate content. Part 1. Spectrometric method using 2,6-dimethylphenol.

ISO 7890-2-86 Water quality. Determination of nitrate content. Part 2. Spectrometric method using 4-fluorophenol after distillation.

ISO 7890-3-88 Water quality. Determination of nitrate content. Part 3. Spectrometric method using sulfosalicylic acid

ISO 10304-1-92 Water quality. Determination of dissolved fluoride, chloride, nitrite, orthophosphate, bromide, nitrate and sulfate by liquid ion chromatography. Part 1. Method for waters with low degrees of pollution.

ISO 10304-2-95 Water quality. Determination of dissolved bromide, chloride, nitrate, nitrite, orthophosphate and sulfate by liquid ion chromatography. Part 2. Contaminated water method

ISO 6777-84 Water quality. Determination of nitrites. Molecular absorption spectrometric method

MUK 4.1.065-96 Collection of guidelines MUK 4.1.057-96 - MUK 4.1.081-96. Control methods. Chemical factors. Measurement of mass concentration of substances by luminescent methods in environmental objects. Approved by the Ministry of Health of Russia, M., 1996

PND F 14.1: 2: 4.41-95 Methods for measuring the mass concentration of lead by the cryoluminescent method in samples of natural, drinking and waste water using the Fluorat-02 liquid analyzer. Approved by the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia

MUK 4.1.067-96 Collection of guidelines MUK 4.1.057-96 - MUK 4.1.081-96. Control methods. Chemical factors. Measurement of mass concentration of substances by luminescent methods in environmental objects. Approved by the Ministry of Health of Russia, M., 1996

RD 52.24.377-95 Methodical instructions. Atomic absorption determination of metals (Al, Ag, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, V, Zn) in land surface waters with direct electrothermal atomization of samples. Approved by Roshydromet.

ISO 9174-90 Water quality. Determination of the total chromium content. Atomic absorption spectrometric methods

RD 52.24.446-95 Methodical instructions. Photometric determination of chromium (VI) in waters with diphenylcarbazide. Approved by Roshydromet

MUK 4.1.062-96 Collection of guidelines MUK 4.1.067-96 - MUK 4.1.081-96. Control methods. Chemical factors. Measurement of mass concentration of substances by luminescent methods in environmental objects. Approved by the Ministry of Health of Russia, M., 1996

ISO 6703-1-84 Water quality. Determination of cyanide content. Part 1. Determination of the total cyanide content.

ISO 6703-2-84 Water quality. Determination of cyanide content. Part 2. Determination of the content of easily released cyanides.

ISO 6703-3-84 Water quality. Determination of cyanide content. Part 3. Determination of cyanogen chloride content

MUK 4.1.058-96 Collection of guidelines MUK 4.1.057-96 - MUK 4.1.081-96. Control methods. Chemical factors. Measurement of mass concentration of substances by luminescent methods in environmental objects. Approved by the Ministry of Health of Russia, M., 1996

RD 52.24.373-95 Methodical instructions. Methods for measuring the mass concentration of zinc in the surface waters of the land by the inversion voltammetric method. Approved by Roshydromet

RD 52.24.438-95 Methodical instructions. Methodology for measuring the mass concentration of dicotex and 2,4-D in surface land waters by gas chromatography. Approved by Roshydromet

MUK 4.1.646-96 Collection of guidelines MUK 4.1.646-96 - MUK 4.1.660-96. Control methods. Chemical factors. Guidelines for determining the concentration of chemicals in the water of centralized household drinking water supply. Approved by the Ministry of Health of Russia, M., 1996

RD 52.24.473-95 Methodical instructions. Gas chromatographic determination of volatile aromatic hydrocarbons in waters. Approved by Roshydromet.

MUK 4.1.650-96 Collection of guidelines MUK 4.1.646-96 - MUK 4.1.660-96. Control methods. Chemical factors. Guidelines for determining the concentration of chemicals in the water of centralized household drinking water supply. Approved by the Ministry of Health of Russia, M., 1996

RD 52.24.440-95 Methodical instructions. Determination of the total content of 4-7 - nuclear polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in waters using thin layer chromatography in combination with luminescence. Approved by Roshydromet

RD 52.24.482-95 Methodical instructions. Gas chromatographic determination of volatile chlorine-substituted hydrocarbons in waters. Approved by Roshydromet

RD 52.24.492-95 Methodical instructions. Photometric determination of formaldehyde inputs with acetylacetone. Approved by Roshydromet

PND F 14.1: 2: 4.120-96 Methods for measuring the mass concentration of formaldehyde by the fluorometric method in samples of natural, drinking and waste water on the fluid analyzer "Fluorat-02". Approved by the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia

RD 52.24.432-95 Methodical instructions. Photometric determination of silicon in the form of a blue (reduced) form of molybdosilicic acid in surface land waters. Approved by Roshydromet.

RD 52.24.433-95 Methodical instructions. Photometric determination of silicon in the form of a yellow form of molybdosilicic acid in surface land waters. Approved by Roshydromet

ISO 7027-90 Water quality. Determination of turbidity

ISO 9696-92 Water quality. Measurement of "high alpha" activity in non-mineralized water. Concentrated source method

ISO 9697-92 Water quality. Measurement of "large beta" -activity in non-mineralized water

Key words: drinking water, determination methods, production control, drinking water quality

DRINKING WATER

HYGIENE REQUIREMENTS AND CONTROL
FOR QUALITY

GOST 2874-82

PUBLISHING STANDARDS

Moscow

STATE STANDARD OF THE UNION OF SSR

Validity from 01.01.85

until 01/01/95

This standard applies to drinking water supplied by centralized drinking water supply systems, as well as centralized water supply systems supplying water simultaneously for drinking and technical purposes, and establishes hygienic requirements and control over the quality of drinking water.

The standard does not apply to water in case of non-centralized use of local sources without a distribution network of pipes.

1. HYGIENE REQUIREMENTS

1.1. Drinking water must be epidemiologically safe, chemically harmless and have favorable organoleptic properties.

1.2. The quality of water is determined by its composition and properties when entering the water supply network; at the points of water intake of the external and internal water supply network.

1.3. Microbiological indicators of water

1.3.1. The epidemic safety of water is determined by the total number of microorganisms and the number of bacteria of the Escherichia coli group.

Standard

Test Method

The number of microorganisms in 1 cm 3 of water, no more

According to GOST 18963-73

The number of bacteria of the group of Escherichia coli in 1 dm 3 of water (coli-index), no more

According to GOST 18963-73

1.4. Toxicological indicators of water

1.4.1. Toxicological indicators of water quality characterize the harmlessness of its chemical composition and include standards for substances:

found in natural waters;

added to water during processing in the form of reagents;

emerging as a result of industrial, agricultural, household and other pollution of water supply sources.

Standard

Test Method

Residual aluminum (Al), mg / dm 3, no more

According to GOST 18165-89

Beryllium (Be), mg / dm 3, no more

0,0002

According to GOST 18294-89

Molybdenum (Mo), mg / dm 3, no more

0,25

According to GOST 18308-72

Arsenic (As), mg / dm 3, no more

0,05

According to GOST 4152-89

Nitrates (NO 3), mg / dm 3, no more

45,0

Standard

Test Method

Hydrogen exponent, pH

6,0-9,0

Measured with a pH meter of any model with a glass electrode with a measurement error not exceeding 0.1 pH

Iron (Fe), mg / dm 3, no more

Standard

Test Method

Odor at 20 ° C and when heated to 60 °, points, no more

According to GOST 3351-74

Taste and smack at 20° C, points, not more

According to GOST 3351-74

Color, degrees, no more

According to GOST 3351-74

Turbidity on a standard scale, mg / dm 3, no more

According to GOST 3351-74

Note. By agreement with the authorities of the sanitary and epidemiological service, it is allowed to increase the color of water up to 35 °; turbidity (during the flood period) up to 2 mg / dm 3.

(Modified edition, Amendment No. 1).

1.5.4. Water should not contain aquatic organisms visible to the naked eye and should not have a film on the surface.

On water pipelines with an underground source of water supply, water analysis during the first year of operation is carried out at least four times (according to the seasons of the year), then at least once a year in the most unfavorable period according to the results of observations of the first year.

On water pipelines with a surface source of water supply, water analysis is carried out at least once a month.

2.4. Laboratory and production control of water quality before entering the network is carried out according to microbiological, chemical and organoleptic indicators.

2.4.1. Microbiological analysis is carried out according to the indicators established in.

On water pipelines with an underground source of water supply, an analysis should be carried out in the absence of disinfection:

at least once a month - with a population of up to 20,000;

at least twice a month - "" "up to 50,000 people;

at least once a week - "" "more than 50,000 people;

during disinfection:

once a week - with a population of up to 20,000;

three times a week - "" "up to 50,000 people;

daily - "" "more than 50,000 people.

On water pipelines with a surface source of water supply, an analysis should be carried out:

at least once a week and daily in the spring and autumn periods - with a population of up to 10,000 people;

at least once a day - more than 10,000 people

Residual chlorine concentration, mg / dm 3

Necessary time of contact of chlorine with water, min, not less

1. Free

0,3-0,5

2. Bound

0,8-1,2

Note. With the combined presence of free and bound chlorine, with a free chlorine concentration of more than 0.3 mg / dm 3, control is carried out according to subparagraph 1, with a free chlorine concentration of less than 0.3 mg / dm 3 - according to subparagraph 2.

2.4.4. In some cases, at the direction of the authorities of the sanitary-epidemiological service or in agreement with them, an increased concentration of residual chlorine in the water is allowed.

2.4.5. When ozonizing water for the purpose of disinfection, the concentration of residual ozone after the displacement chamber should be 0.1-0.3 mg / dm 3 while ensuring a contact time of at least 12 minutes.

2.4.6. If it is necessary to combat biological fouling in the water supply network, the places of administration and doses of chlorine are agreed with the authorities of the sanitary and epidemiological service.

2.5. Chemical analysis of water is carried out according to the indicators established in and (with the exception of residual amounts of reagents), as well as according to. The list of indicators and the frequency of sampling are coordinated with the authorities of the sanitary and epidemiological service, taking into account local natural and sanitary conditions.

2.5.1. Laboratory and production control over the residual amounts of reagents and removed substances during the treatment of water on water pipelines by special methods is carried out depending on the nature of the treatment in accordance with the schedule agreed with the sanitary and epidemiological service, but at least once per shift.

2.6. The organoleptic indicators specified in are determined by analyzing all samples (with the exception of samples for residual chlorine and ozone) taken on water pipelines from underground and surface sources.

If microbial contamination is found in excess of the permissible standards, to identify the causes of contamination, repeated sampling should be carried out with additional studies for the presence of bacteria-indicators of fresh fecal contamination in accordance with GOST 18963-73, mineral nitrogen-containing substances in accordance with GOST 4192-82 and GOST 18826-73; chlorides in accordance with GOST 4245-72.

2.7.1. Sampling in the distribution network is carried out from street water taps, which characterize the quality of water in the main main water supply lines, from the most elevated and dead-end sections of the street distribution network. Sampling is also carried out from the taps of the internal water supply networks of all houses with pumping and local water tanks.

2.7.2. The total number of samples for analysis in the indicated places of the distribution network must be agreed with the authorities of the sanitary-epidemiological service and comply with the requirements.

Table 6

Samples do not include mandatory control samples after repair and reconstruction of the water supply and distribution network.