Classification of the costs of working time for the purpose of rationing. Classification of the costs of the contractor's working time and the use of equipment. Defective measurements, their cause and duration

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In the discipline "Rationing the organization of labor"

on the topic "Classification of costs of working time"

Introduction

The study of labor costs has great importance since based on the information obtained as a result, most of the tasks associated with the organization of labor and its regulation are solved. Research is carried out in order to determine the structure of operations, the cost of working time, rationalize the techniques and methods of labor, identify the reasons for non-compliance with norms, irrational costs and losses of working time, obtain data on the factors affecting the execution time of elements of operations, develop regulatory materials, assess the quality of norms and standards, as well as for solving other problems.

Study labor process involves the analysis of all its characteristics that affect labor costs and the efficiency of using production resources. The technological parameters of the equipment, its compliance ergonomic requirements, working conditions, applied technology, organization and maintenance of the workplace, as well as professional qualification, psychophysiological, social characteristics of workers and other factors. Methods for obtaining and processing information are selected based on the objectives of the study.

The optimum is the minimum total costs associated with obtaining the necessary information with its subsequent use. The most important is the solution of two tasks related to the study of labor processes.

The first is related to the determination of the actual time spent on performing the elements of operations. The second - with the establishment of the structure of time spent during the work shift or part of it. Determining the duration of the elements of the operation is necessary for the development of time standards, the choice of the most rational methods of labor, the analysis of norms and standards.

The structure of the cost of working time is used in the development of standards for preparatory and final time, the time for servicing the workplace, assessing the efficiency of using working time, analyzing existing organization labor.

1. Working hours

Working time is the time during which the labor process is performed. Working hours can be considered in the context of different calendar periods: year, production week, working day (shift).

The composition of the working time in terms of content, duration and order of alternation of elements is different when performing various operations.

For the scientific study of working time, the systematization and classification of its costs are used.

On industrial enterprises adopted a unified classification of the costs of working time, which meets the goals and objectives of its organization and regulation. The classification of the elements of working time allows:

* study the use of working time for the intended purpose;

* establish the reasons for the loss of working time;

* determine the degree of necessity and feasibility certain types working time costs;

* differentiate the elements of working time that are part of the norms of time.

In the production process, the labor of workers is combined with the operation of the equipment, therefore, in the practice of rationing, the costs of working time are classified:

* on the cost of working time of the performer (worker);

* by the time of equipment use.

According to the classification by the cost of working time of the contractor work time the worker is made up of the time of work and the time of breaks (Fig. 11).

Work time is the period during which a worker performs certain production operations.

It is determined by the time of the production order and the time not related to the execution of the production order.

Rice. 1 Classification of labor costs

1. Time to complete the production task

The lead time for the production task includes:

* preparatory and final time - the time that the employee spends on preparing himself and the means of production for the performance of the given work. It does not depend on the amount of work (the size of the batch of products) and is spent on obtaining a production assignment, familiarization with drawings, preparation of devices for performing work, etc.;

* operational time - the time of the production operation, repeated with each unit or a certain volume of products. It is subdivided into main and auxiliary. The main (technological) time is spent on the direct change of the subject of labor, the implementation technological operations and movement of the object of labor; auxiliary - for the implementation by the employee of auxiliary methods of labor necessary for the performance of the main work and repeated in the manufacture of each unit of production or a certain number of them;

* time of service of the workplace - the time spent by the employee to take care of the workplace, equipment and maintain the workplace in a condition that ensures productive work during the shift or other working period. It includes time Maintenance and organizational service time. Maintenance time is devoted to caring for the workplace, equipment and tools necessary for a specific task (time spent sharpening and replacing worn-out tools, adjusting and adjusting equipment during operation, cleaning up production waste, cleaning, lubricating equipment, etc.). The time of organizational maintenance is spent on maintaining the workplace in working order during the shift and does not depend on the specifics of a particular operation (acceptance and delivery of a shift, layout and cleaning of tools and documentation, moving containers with blanks or finished products and etc.).

Busy times can also be divided into the time of direct work, transitions (for example, in multi-station work) and active monitoring of the progress. technological process, which is necessary in order to ensure its normal course. If the worker is busy with active supervision, he should not perform other functions. In addition to active, passive observation is also possible, which is one of the types of interruptions in the employment of a worker for organizational and technical reasons. The time of passive observation can take place when servicing automatic lines, devices, during multi-station work. The economic feasibility of passive observation is established as a result of calculating the optimal rates of service and number. Whenever possible, passive observation time should be used to perform simple functions(laying out the tool, cleaning the workplace, etc.), the execution of which is terminated if it is necessary for the employee to intervene in the course of the production process.

For the calculation of labor standards, the division of time expenditures into overlapping and non-overlapping is essential. The overlapped usually refers to the time the worker performs those elements of the labor process that are carried out during the period of automatic operation of the equipment. Non-overlapping is the runtime labor practices(installation of workpieces, quality control, etc.) with stopped (non-working) equipment and time for machine-manual receptions. In a broader sense, overlapping (combined) should include the time spent on all work that is performed simultaneously (in parallel) with those elements of the operation that determine its duration. It is especially important to consider overlapping time costs when multiple workers are performing an operation.

2. Time to complete a non-production task.

Break time.

Work time not provided for by the production assignment is spent on performing random and unproductive work (correcting defects, searching for materials, tools, devices, etc.).

Break time - the time during which the employee does not take part in the work. It is divided into the time of regulated breaks and the time of unregulated breaks in work.

The time of regulated breaks in work includes the time of breaks in work due to the technology and organization of the production process, as well as time for rest and personal needs (provided for by the norms and working hours in force at the enterprise).

The time of unregulated breaks is the time of breaks in work caused by disruption of the normal flow of the production process (downtime of equipment and workers due to waiting for blanks, documentation, tools, etc., as well as excess time of breaks due to the lack of synchronization of the production process), and breaks in work related to violation labor discipline(late start and early end of work, excess rest time, etc.).

The main and essential element working time is the operational time. When organizing the labor process at each workplace, it is necessary to ensure an increase in the share of operational time in the total working time by reducing other elements of time and breaks.

The degree of use of working time during a shift characterizes the utilization rate of working time, which is defined as the ratio of working time to the duration of the shift:

where Top is the operational time, min;

Tcm - shift duration, min.

The utilization rate of working time is always less than one, since with the most rational organization of labor, some time is needed for preparatory and final work, maintenance of the workplace and regulated (minimum) breaks. The utilization rate of working time characterizes the time spent on manufacturing products (performing a production operation), but does not reflect the time spent on the actual work of the worker.

In addition to this factor, the worker load factor should be calculated:

break labor costs

where Tp is the working time of the worker during the shift, min; Tper - break time during the shift, min.

The worker utilization rate shows what proportion of the shift time the worker uses to work. If the load factor of a worker significantly exceeds the utilization rate of working time, this indicates shortcomings in the organization of labor.

The main purpose of the classification of working time is the possibility of comparing and analyzing the results of observations of the use of working time in order to identify reserves for the growth of labor productivity, determine necessary costs working time by elements of the labor process and the establishment of labor standards.

When classifying the cost of working time according to the time of equipment use, work time and break time are also distinguished.

This classification allows you to analyze the nature of the use of equipment and identify the degree of its extensive utilization (Fig. 12).

Rice. 2 Classification of costs of working time according to the time of use of equipment

When establishing labor standards and analyzing the cost of working time, the latter are divided into standardized and non-standardized.

The normalized costs of working time are included in the labor standard - this is the preparatory and final time, the time of operational work; time of service of the workplace, time of regulated breaks. Non-standardized labor costs of working time are direct losses of working time and are not included in the time rate. The total value of the normalized costs per unit of production is called piece-calculation time.

Conclusion

At any enterprise, regardless of the form of ownership, the efficiency of the production process is of great importance, i.e. its implementation with the least expenditure of labor time and equipment. The main condition for rationalizing the production process is a systematic study of the costs of working time and the use of observation materials. On their basis, conclusions are drawn about the presence of "bottlenecks" at the enterprise, the causes and amounts of losses of working time, measures are outlined to improve labor and production.

Improvement of the labor process presupposes a rational combination in time of all elements of labor, as well as the establishment of the relationship between the participants in production.

List of used literature

1. Gandina N.M. Economics and labor rationing: Tutorial... I .: Publishing house IGEA, 1994.

2. Genkin B.M., Petrochenko P.F., Bukhalkov M.I. and others. Under. Ed. B.M. Genkin. Labor rationing. - M .: Economics, 1985.

3. Nazarov A.Sh. Labor rationing. - T .: Ukituvchi, 1987.

4. Cold GN Labor rationing in industry. - M .: Economics, 1978.

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The classification of the costs of working time includes the classification of the costs of the working time of the contractor and the classification of the costs of the use of equipment.
Classification of the performer's working time costs.

In any type of labor, the performer's working time is divided into work time and break time (Fig. 2).

Rice. 2. Distribution of working time

Work time is the period during which the employee prepares for work, its immediate implementation and completion.

The time spent on completing the production task is the time spent on the preparation and direct execution of the task; it consists of preparatory and final time, operational time and the time for servicing the workplace.

The preparatory and final (PZ) is the time spent by the employee to prepare for the work and to complete it (receiving a job assignment and familiarization with its content, obtaining materials, documentation, tools, receiving instructions on the procedure for performing work, installing tools in the equipment , its adjustment, removal of the tool from the equipment after completion of work, delivery finished products, tools, devices, documentation, etc.).

The amount of preparatory and final time does not depend on the amount of work to complete the production task, therefore, the larger the volume of the task, the smaller the proportion of the preparatory and final time falls on the unit of work for this task.

Operational time (OP) is the time during which an employee or a group of employees directly performs a production task. It is subdivided into primary and secondary time.

The main (O) is called the time during which the object of labor undergoes quantitative and qualitative changes, as well as a change in position in space. For example, machining a part in a machine tool in metal and woodworking, stitching parts of a product in garment production, the time of active monitoring of the progress of the instrumental process in the chemical industry, driving a car when transporting goods in road transport.

The auxiliary time (B) is spent by the performer on actions that ensure the performance of the main work (installation in the machine and removal from it of objects of labor in machine-tool production, measurements of the manufactured part, loading the apparatus with raw materials and materials in the food industry, changing the operating modes of equipment, etc. .).

Workplace maintenance time (Obs) is the time to take care of the workplace and keep the equipment in working order. It is divided into maintenance time and organizational maintenance time.

The time of maintenance of the (Tech) workplace is associated with the care of the equipment when performing a specific task on this equipment (replacement of worn-out tools, adjustment and lubrication of equipment, replacement of cartridges in office equipment, etc.).

Organizational service time (Org) is the time to maintain the workplace in a working condition (cleaning of industrial waste, moving containers with blanks and finished products within the workplace, washing and cleaning cars, etc.).

Depending on the nature of the employee's participation in the performance of production operations, the work time is divided into time self made, time of machine-manual work and time of observation of equipment operation.

The time of manual work is called work without the use of machines or mechanisms, when only manual non-mechanized tools are used.

The time of machine-manual work (including manual mechanized work) is the time during which work is performed by a machine with the direct participation of an employee or an employee using a manual mechanized tool (for example, an electric drill, pneumatic hammer, chainsaw).

In the conditions of mechanized and automated production, a significant part of the working time is taken by the time of monitoring the production process. It can be active or passive.

The time of active observation (A) over the operation of the equipment consists in the fact that the employee does not directly perform physical work, but his presence is mandatory at the workplace to monitor the progress of the technological process.

Passive observation time (Pass) is the time during which there is no need for constant monitoring of the operation of the equipment or the technological process, the observation is carried out periodically. This time can be used to perform other work, allowing periodic monitoring of the independent operation of the equipment. Working hours can be overlapped and non-overlapped.

Overlapped time - the time of performing any work during the period of automatic operation of the equipment. The execution time, for example, of ancillary work by an employee and the operation time of equipment, for which he is passively observing, overlap one another, that is, they are performed simultaneously.

Non-overlapping is the time for performing auxiliary work when the equipment is stopped, for example, when loading raw materials into discontinuous devices.

Work time not provided for by the production order (WT) is the time spent on performing random or non-production work.

Occasional work (CP) is work that is not provided for by a production task, but caused by a production need, for example, to correct defective products.

Unproductive work (NR) is one that does not increase the volume of production or improve its quality. For example, excessive mileage of a car with a load due to an incorrectly drawn up route.

Break time (P) is the period during which an employee does not work while in production. It is subdivided into scheduled break times and non-scheduled breaks.

The time of regulated breaks (PR) assumes time for rest, personal needs, industrial gymnastics, the time of breaks established by the technology and organization of the production process.

Rest breaks and personal needs (Ex) are provided to employees to restore their working capacity during the work shift, to conduct industrial gymnastics, as well as personal hygiene and natural needs.

The time of unavoidable interruptions established by the technology and organization of the production process (PTI) is determined by the specific conditions of the course of specific technological processes. For example, a break for a heated part to cool down to a certain temperature, a break for drying painted surfaces.

The time of unregulated (disposable) interruptions (PNT), which are caused by violations of the normal course of the production process and violations of labor discipline.

Interruptions caused by violations of the normal course of the production process (PNT) arise for organizational and technical reasons due to poor organization of labor and production (untimely submission to workplace raw materials, materials, electricity, untimely equipment maintenance), as well as due to technology violations leading to accidents or unforeseen equipment downtime.

Interruptions caused by violations of labor discipline (IPD) arise as a result of being late for work, unauthorized absences from the workplace, premature termination of work, as well as downtime of employees who cannot fulfill their duties due to the absence of other employees violating labor discipline.

Working hours are divided into standardized and non-standardized.

The standardized costs of working time include the costs required to perform a given work. These include: preparatory and final time, operational time, workplace service time, breaks provided for by the technology and organization of the production process, time for rest and personal needs. These costs are included in the time rate.

Non-standardized expenditures of working time include loss of time due to organizational and technical reasons (emergency shutdowns of equipment, removable shortcomings in the organization of labor), as well as due to violations of labor discipline (equipment downtime due to delays, absenteeism, untimely start and premature end of work on the part of individual workers).

The total value of standardized costs per unit of production is called piece-calculation time and is determined by the formula

where Tpz - preparatory and final time for a batch of products; n is the size of the batch of the product; to - main time; tв - auxiliary time; tob - the time of service of the workplace; totl - time for rest and personal needs; tпт - time of normalized breaks for organizational and technical reasons.

The classification of labor time costs determines the structure of a technically justified rate of time. Analysis of the structure of working time costs reveals the amount of lost working time, as well as irrational costs of working time at the workplace.
Classification of equipment use time costs

The structural elements of the expenditure of time for the use of equipment largely coincide with the elements of the expenditure of the performer's working time.

So, the time of using the equipment is subdivided into work and time of breaks.

The operating time of the equipment consists of the operating time of the equipment to complete the production task and the operating time of the equipment not provided for by the performance of the production task.

The operating time of the equipment to complete the production task is called operational time and is divided into main and auxiliary time.

The main time is divided into machine-manual time and machine (hardware) time.

Machine-manual is the time during which the equipment works with the direct participation of the worker.

Machine (hardware) is called the time of automatic operation of equipment, when the functions of the worker are limited only to observation and adjustment.

Auxiliary time is the time that is not overlapped by machine time when the equipment stops to perform work to support the main work, for example, the time to install or remove a part from the machine.

In the operation of equipment, operational time can also be subdivided into machine (hardware) -free and for the operation time of equipment with the participation of a worker.

Machine (hardware) -free time is the operating time of the equipment when it does not need the direct participation of the worker.

The operating time of the equipment with the participation of the worker is the time of the worker's employment in servicing the equipment in multi-station (multi-unit) service or operational time minus the time of the machine (hardware) -free.

The operating time of equipment not provided for by the performance of the production task is the sum of the time of unproductive work and the time of random work.

The time of breaks in the operation of the equipment is divided into the time of regulated and non-regulated breaks.

The time of regulated breaks is subdivided: into the time of breaks associated with the preparation of equipment for work and with its organizational and technical maintenance; for the period of breaks provided for by the technology and organization of the production process (equipment repairs on schedule, unavoidable technological breaks); during breaks for rest and personal needs of the worker.

The time of unregulated breaks may arise due to disruption of the production process (lack of electricity, raw materials, materials, etc.), as well as due to violation of labor discipline by workers (lateness, premature departure from the workplace, etc.).

The time of unproductive and casual work, the time of breaks caused by violations of labor discipline and violations of the production process, refer to non-standardized costs of working time. The rest of the equipment operating time is standardized.

The variety of production processes and forms of labor organization, different content and frequency of expenditure of working time, as well as the purposes of their study, necessitate the use of different methods and techniques of observation, different equipment.

The methods of study and types of observation of the expenditure of working time can be classified according to the following criteria:

According to the observation method - continuous, selective, periodic, cyclic, instant observations

According to the object of observation - individual, group

According to the form of recording the results of observations

Digital, index, graphic, oscillographic, combined

By the way of observation - visually, with the help of instruments.

The method of continuous (continuous) measurements - is used in all production processes with various forms of labor organization and types of study of working time (timing, photography); allows you to get the most complete, detailed and accurate idea not only about the average, but also about the actual costs and losses of working time in terms of their content, size and sequence of implementation.

Periodic observation method, used in group and route photography, allows: to obtain data on the number of incidents of certain costs, lost working time or equipment downtime. Monitoring is carried out simultaneously for the work of a large number of workers or pieces of equipment. Simultaneous coverage is up to 20 objects, sometimes one person can monitor 70 workers.

Sampling method used mainly in timing, when the individual elements of the operation are studied. It is most widely used in the study of the techniques of auxiliary time in the conditions of a multi-station organization of labor, instrumental processes.

Cycle measurement method- a kind of selective observation process - it is used only for timing, when it is necessary to measure the time of performing techniques (actions or movements) with a very short duration, and therefore it is impossible to accurately record the time of their implementation using conventional methods of observation (using stopwatches). Here, time measurements are taken in groups of individual techniques.

Momentary observation method costs of losses of working time and use of equipment in time is based on the theory of probability and is a kind of sampling method. In order for the results of the observations to reflect the actual use of working hours, the following conditions must be met:

* observations of certain expenditures of working time should be random and equally possible;

* the number of observations (sample size) should be large enough to reliably characterize the observed phenomenon as a whole.

In the study of labor processes, the most important is the solution of two problems: determining the actual time spent on performing elements of operations (labor movements, actions.); determination of the structure of time spent during a work shift or part of it. Depending on the purpose of the study, three methods of studying the costs of working time are used: timing, FRV, photo timing.

Working time for the contractor is divided into working hours (during which the worker performs one or another work provided for or not provided for by the production task) and break time in work (during which the labor process is not carried out for various reasons). The structure of the working time of the worker is shown in Figure 6.1.

So, working hours is divided into two types of costs: production time (T PROIZ) and work time not provided for by the production task (T NEPROIZ) - the time spent on performing operations that are not characteristic of this employee, which can be eliminated.

Production task lead time includes preparatory and final, operational and service time of the workplace.

Preparatory and final time (T PZ)- this is the time spent on preparing yourself and your workplace for the performance of the production task, as well as on all actions to complete it. This type of expenditure of working time includes the time of receipt of a production task, tools, devices and technological documentation, familiarization with the work, receiving instructions on the procedure for carrying out work, setting up equipment for the appropriate operating mode, removing devices, tools, handing over finished products to the Quality Control Department, etc. ... Since a feature of this category of time expenditures is the fact that its value does not depend on the amount of work performed on a given assignment, in large-scale and mass production per unit of production, this time is insignificant in magnitude and is usually not taken into account when setting standards.

Operational time (T OPER)- this is the time during which the worker performs the task (changes the properties of the object of labor); repeated with each unit or a certain volume of products or works. During machine work it is divided into main (technological) and auxiliary.

Basic (technological) time (T OSN),- this is the time spent directly on the quantitative and (or) qualitative change of the object of labor, its state and position in space.

During auxiliary time(T VSP) the actions necessary to carry out the main work are performed. It is repeated either with each processed unit of production, or with a certain volume of it. The auxiliary time includes the time for loading equipment with raw materials and semi-finished products, unloading and removing finished products, installing and securing parts, moving objects of labor within the working area, managing equipment, monitoring the quality of manufactured products, etc.

The time spent on caring for the workplace and maintaining equipment, tools and devices in working order during the shift is attributed to workplace service time (T OBSL). In machine and automated processes it includes the time of technical and organizational maintenance of the workplace.

By the time of maintenance of the workplace (T OBSL.TECHN) includes the time for servicing the workplace in connection with the performance of this operation or a specific work (replacing a blunt tool, adjusting and adjusting equipment during operation, cleaning up production waste, inspection, cleaning, washing, lubricating equipment, etc.).

Organizational service time (T OBSL.ORG) - this is the time spent by the worker to maintain the workplace in working order during the shift .. It does not depend on the specifics of a particular operation and includes the time spent on accepting and handing over a shift, nesting at the beginning and cleaning at the end of a tool change, documentation and other necessary for work items and materials, etc.

In some industries (coal, metallurgy, food, etc.), the time spent on servicing the workplace is not allocated, but refers to the preparatory and final time.

Working hours not provided for by the production task, - the time spent by the employee to perform random and unproductive work. The performance of unproductive and casual work does not provide an increase in production or an improvement in its quality and is not included in the piece time rate. These costs should be the subject of special attention, since their reduction is a reserve for increasing labor productivity.

Random Run Time (T SL.RAB)- this is the time spent on performing work that is not provided for by the production task, but caused by production needs (for example, transportation of finished products, performed instead of an auxiliary worker, walking for orders, technical documentation, raw materials, blanks, tools, searching for a foreman, adjuster, tool; performing not ancillary and renovation works etc.).

Figure 6.1 - Classification of the performer's working time costs

Time to complete non-productive work (T INP.RAB)- this is the time spent on the performance of work not provided for by the production assignment and not caused by production needs (for example, manufacturing and correcting production defects, removing an excessive allowance from the workpiece, etc.)).

Apart from the above, depending on the nature of the employee's participation in the performance of the production operation, the running time can be subdivided into:

- handmade time(without the use of machines and mechanisms);

- time of machine-manual work performed by machines with the direct participation of an employee or an employee using manual mechanisms;

- observation time equipment operation (automated and hardware work);

- transition times(for example, from one machine to another in multi-station service).

Observation time, as noted, it is typical for automated and hardware production. It can be active or passive. Active observation time equipment operation is the time during which the worker closely monitors the equipment operation, the progress of the technological process, compliance with the specified parameters in order to ensure required quality products and equipment serviceability. During this time, the worker does not perform physical work, but his presence at the workplace is necessary. Passive observation time for the operation of equipment - this is the time during which there is no need for constant monitoring of the operation of the equipment or the technological process, but the worker carries it out due to the absence of other work. The time of passive observation of the equipment operation should be the subject of special scrutiny, since it is shortened or used to perform other necessary work is a significant reserve for increasing labor productivity.

Considering the structure of the costs of working time in machine, automated, hardware processes in the time of work, it is also advisable to allocate overlapping and non-overlapping time.

Overlapping time- the time the worker performs those elements of work that are carried out simultaneously with the machine or automatic operation of the equipment. Overlapped can be main (active observation) and auxiliary time, as well as time related to other types of expenditure of working time. Non-overlapping time - the time of performance of auxiliary work and work on maintenance of workplaces when the equipment is stopped. An increase in overlapped time can also serve as a reserve for productivity gains.

As noted, working hours include and break time... There are regulated and unregulated breaks.

Time of regulated breaks (T REGL.FER) in work includes:

- time of breaks in work due to technology and organization of the production process (for example, the time of a break in the driver's work during the slinging of the lifted load by workers) - their elimination is almost impossible or economically inexpedient;

- breaks for rest and personal needs, associated with the need to prevent fatigue and maintain the normal working capacity of the employee, as well as necessary for personal hygiene.

Time of uncontrolled breaks in operation (T UNREGULATED RUN)- this is the time of interruptions caused by a violation of the normal course of the production process or labor discipline. It includes:

- interruptions due to disruption of the normal course of the production process may be caused by organizational problems (lack of work, raw materials, materials, incompleteness of parts and blanks, waiting Vehicle and auxiliary workers, waiting for acceptance or control of finished products, etc.) and technical reasons (waiting for equipment repair, tool replacement, lack of electricity, gas, steam, water, etc.). Sometimes these types of ad hoc breaks are called breaks for organizational and technical reasons;

- breaks caused by violation of labor discipline, may be associated with being late for work or premature leaving it, unauthorized absences from the workplace, extraneous conversations, activities not related to work. They also include unnecessary (in comparison with the established regime and standards) rest time for workers.

When analyzing the cost of working time in order to identify and then eliminate the loss of working time and their causes, all working time of the contractor is divided into productive costs and loss of working time. The first group includes the time of work to complete the production task and the time of regulated breaks. These costs are the object of rationing and are included in the structure of the time rate. Loss of working time includes the time of unproductive work and the time of unregulated breaks. These costs are analyzed with the aim of eliminating or minimizing them.

Working time concept

Working hours are measured in different ways. It can be a shift, day, week, month, or year. This time is a measure of the assessment of labor. The length of the work shift varies from country to country and from type to type labor activity, working conditions and professions.

The purpose of the classification of labor costs

This classification allows you to establish the optimal value of the cost of working time, to identify the proportion of wasted time, to determine the direction of increasing labor productivity at the enterprise.

Classification of labor costs

Working hours are divided into separate categories and types. When drawing up the classification, the proportions and sizes of the constituent elements of the entire working time are taken into account.

Working hours are generally divided into:

• time spent on the production task (working time);
• time spent taking a break from work.

In turn, working time is subdivided into:

• preparatory and final time;
• operational time;
• time of service of the workplace.

The preparatory and final time implies the time spent preparing for the beginning of the labor process and at the end of such a process. For example, a worker completes the quota of a certain task (product release) using some equipment. Before starting work, the worker needs to prepare the workplace (starting the equipment, warming up, etc.). At the end of the work assignment, the worker must put the equipment in proper condition (clean, lubricate, wipe, etc.).

Remark 1

It should be noted that the length of time spent on preparation and completion of work does not depend on the performance standards for the task. For example, one hundred units need to be made or three hundred units - the time spent on preparation and completion of work will be invariably constant. In this regard, they develop the maximum possible standards that will justify the costs of preparation and completion of work.

Operational time is the time directly spent on the execution of the production task (meeting the standards).

In turn, the operational time is subdivided into:

• main time;
• auxiliary time.

The main time is the time during which the direct production of the object of labor takes place.

Slack time is time that provides quality main time spent. This can be the installation or replacement of some parts in the equipment, stopping most of the time to control the quality of manufactured products, etc.

Workplace maintenance time implies spending time on maintaining the workplace in proper order.

In turn, such time is subdivided into:

• Maintenance;
• organizational service.

Workplace maintenance ensures the smooth operation of equipment and tools.

Organizational services include the care of the workplace (layout, layout, etc.).

In addition to these types of costs of working time, there may be other types of it.

Work time that is not provided by the production assignment. In this case, we mean random and unforeseen tasks. For example, in the event of a power outage, it is necessary to spend time starting the generator.

Also, time can be spent on non-productive work, that is, on tasks that have nothing to do with the production requirement.

The time of breaks in work can be regulated and not regulated.

Unregulated interruptions can occur for both production and non-production reasons.

The manufacturing process can be viewed as a process of increasing the time spent on manufactured products. In this regard, the first question that arises in the organization of labor is to determine what time expenditures are necessary and should be included in the norm. It is also important to define

Rice. 2.6.1.

efficient use of time funds of workers and equipment. All these issues are resolved on the basis of the classification of the costs of working time.

The classification of time expenditures can be carried out in relation to three elements of the production process: the subject of labor, workers and equipment. Classification in relation to the object of labor (Fig. 2.6.1) is also a classification in relation to the production process, because in this case we are talking about the time required to transform the object of labor into a product of labor. On the basis of this classification, the composition of the time costs included in the norms is established.

When calculating labor standards, the costs of working time are established: preparatory and final, operational, maintenance of the workplace, for rest and personal needs and regulated (normalized) breaks.

Preparatory and final called the time that is spent on preparing for the implementation of this task and the actions associated with its completion: obtaining a tool, accessories, technological and planning documentation; familiarization with the work, drawing; briefing on the procedure for performing the work; installation of devices and tools; adjustment of equipment; removal of devices and tools after completing work; delivery of devices, tools, documentation. A feature of the preparatory and final time is that it is spent once on work (a batch of objects of labor) and does not depend on the amount of work performed on a given task. In some industries, preparatory and final time is not allocated.

Operational called the time spent on changing the shape, size, properties of the object of labor, as well as on the performance of auxiliary actions necessary to implement these changes. The costs of operational time are repeated with each unit of production or a certain amount of work. It is subdivided into main and auxiliary.

Main (technological) time spent on purposeful change of the object of labor (its size, shape, composition, properties, state and position). Auxiliary - the time during which the loading of raw materials, blanks, removal of finished products, equipment management, changing its operating modes, monitoring the progress of the technological process and product quality are carried out.

Workplace maintenance time is the time spent by the worker to care for the equipment and maintain the workplace in good condition. Workplace service time is subdivided into technical and organizational. Maintenance time the workplace is spent on caring for the equipment when performing this particular job. In particular, this category includes the time of replacing worn out tools, adjusting equipment, removing shavings, etc. Organizational Service Time spent on the care of the workplace associated with the performance of work throughout the shift. This category includes the time spent on nesting at the beginning and cleaning at the end of a work shift, and on cleaning and lubricating equipment.

Time of scheduled breaks includes time for rest and personal needs and breaks for organizational and technical reasons. Time for rest and personal needs installed to maintain normal performance and personal hygiene. The length of the rest breaks depends on the working conditions. Rest time also includes industrial gymnastics. Time of regulated (standardized) breaks for organizational and technical reasons objectively due to the nature of the interaction between workers and equipment. Eliminating these interruptions is almost impossible or economically impractical. For example, if one worker serves several machines, then in many cases it is impossible to completely synchronize the working time of the worker with the machine time. The consequence of this is the breaks, which must be included in the time norm.

Time of ad hoc breaks includes downtime of equipment and workers caused by violations of the established technology and organization of production. These breaks are not included in the time limit.

When analyzing the time spent by workers, first of all, the time of their employment and the time of breaks are highlighted. Employee Employment Time includes the time of execution of the production task and the time of employment with other jobs. The latter includes the time of odd work outside the established schedule and the time of unproductive work (correcting defects, searching for materials, tools, devices, etc.).

Busy times can also be divided by time of direct work, transitions(for example, in multi-station work) and active surveillance behind the course of the technological process, which is necessary in order to ensure its normal course. If the worker is busy with active supervision, he should not perform other functions. In addition to being active, it is also possible passive surveillance, which is one of the types of breaks in the employment of a worker for organizational and technical reasons. The time of passive observation can take place when servicing automatic lines, devices, during multi-station work. The economic feasibility of passive observation is established as a result of calculating the optimal rates of service and number. Whenever possible, passive observation time should be used to perform simple functions (laying out the tool, cleaning the workplace, etc.), the performance of which is terminated if it is necessary for the worker to intervene in the production process.

When analyzing the costs of working time, unregulated breaks for organizational and technical reasons and the fault of the employee. The time of unregulated breaks for organizational and technical reasons includes downtime of equipment and workers due to waiting for workpieces, documentation, tools, etc., as well as excess time of breaks associated with the lack of synchronization of the production process. The time of breaks due to violation of labor discipline (through the fault of the employee) is due to the late start and premature end of work, excess rest time, etc.

For the calculation of labor standards, the division of time expenditures into overlapping and non-overlapping is essential.

TO overlapped usually refers to the time the worker completes those elements of the labor process that are carried out during the period of automatic operation of the equipment. Non-overlapping is the time of performance of labor techniques (installation of a workpiece, quality control, etc.) when the equipment is stopped (idle) and the time for machine-manual techniques.

In a broader sense, overlapping (combined) should include the time spent on all work that is performed simultaneously (in parallel) with those elements of the operation that determine its duration. It is especially important to consider overlapping time costs when multiple workers are performing an operation.

The time that the equipment works without any participation of workers is called free machine (hardware) time. It is necessary to strive to ensure that this time is used for multi-station service, combining functions and professions.

When establishing labor standards and analyzing the cost of working time, the latter are divided into standardized and unstandardized... The standardized ones include necessary for these specific conditions the value of the costs of the main, auxiliary time, the time of servicing the workplace, for rest and personal needs, regulated breaks for organizational and technical reasons, preparatory and final time. The sum of these times per unit of output is usually called piece-calculation time(/ shk):

where t w - piece time; T t - preparatory and final time for a batch of objects of labor; NS - batch size; t 0 - main time; t c - auxiliary time; / 0 b - the time of service of the workplace; t ml - time for rest and personal needs; t m - time of normalized breaks for organizational and technical reasons; / P s - preparatory and final time per unit of production.

The main time is part of t mK completely, and for the rest of the terms of formula (2.6.1) only their non-overlapping parts are taken into account.

Since formula (2.6.1) contains terms that are not repeated with each unit of production (for example, t Qb, f 0 ™), the value / shk determines the average cost of normalized time per unit of production for a given operation.