Vpf defense enterprises. The structure of the military-industrial complex, purpose, specialization. Enterprises of the military-industrial complex of Russia. Impact on the economy of individual regions

DEFENSE-INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX OF RUSSIA IN MODERN ECONOMIC CONDITIONS

Kazakov Pavel Ivanovich

undergraduate, department economic theory, Moscow State University means of communication, Moscow

Zolotareva Vera Petrovna

scientific supervisor, Ph.D. economy Sci., Associate Professor, Department of Economic Theory, Moscow State Transport University

Moscow city

The military-industrial complex (hereinafter referred to as the MIC) occupies special place and plays a significant role in the development of the economy and ensuring the national security of the country, which consists in protecting its independence, state and territorial integrity.

The main task of the functioning of the defense industry is defined as the creation and production of modern competitive weapons, military and special equipment (hereinafter referred to as AME), ensuring the rearmament of the Armed Forces, other troops and formations of Russia and strengthening positions in the global arms market.

Most of the advanced military and civilian technologies are concentrated in the defense industry, highly concentrated qualified personnel domestic scientific and industrial sphere. The total number of employees employed in defense industry organizations is about 2 million people, including about 1.3 million people directly employed in the defense industries. The share of employees under the age of 35 in 2011 was about 27% of the total number of employees in the defense industry. The average age of defense industry workers was 46 years. The age composition of employees of defense industry enterprises is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1. Age composition of employees of defense industry enterprises (%)

Defense industry organizations retain significant scientific and technical groundwork, which allows to make a technological breakthrough in a number of areas (nuclear, laser, aviation, space technologies, special materials and alloys, etc.). Critical directions in the development of the technological base of the defense industry not only coincide, but often form the key directions of scientific and technological progress as a whole.

In accordance with the current edition of the consolidated register of defense industry organizations, approved by order of the Ministry of Industry and Trade of Russia dated February 05, 2013 No. 137, 1340 organizations are classified as defense industry . The departmental and sectoral structure of the consolidated register of defense industry organizations is shown in Figures 2 and 3.

An important part of the program for the development of defense industry enterprises today is the technical re-equipment of production and the contribution of funds to the development innovative technologies, without which in the near future it will be impossible to produce a new generation of products that are comparable or superior in their tactical and technical characteristics to the products of competing countries in the arms market, which are currently the United States, France, England, Germany and Israel.

Figure 2. Departmental structure of defense industry enterprises (pcs.)

Figure 3 Industry structure defense industry enterprises (%)

The main component of the financial well-being of the enterprise is determined by the funds allocated within the framework of the state defense order (hereinafter referred to as the State Defense Order), the unconditional fulfillment of which is the main task facing the defense industrial enterprises of the Russian Federation. Currently, about 45% of the volume of industrial products of the defense industry are military products, which are supplied for internal needs to state customers at regulated prices, about 22% are supplied through military-technical cooperation (hereinafter referred to as MTC), about 33% are civilian products in in the interests of such important sectors of the economy as transport, communications and telecommunications, the fuel and energy sector, healthcare, etc.

A large contribution to the formation of the budget of defense organizations is made by the export of machine and technical products, primarily through the military-technical cooperation of the Russian Federation with foreign states. The defense complex is one of the largest and most stable sources of foreign exchange financial resources through the export of weapons and military equipment. The main deliveries of defense industry products fall on the countries of Eastern Europe, North Africa and China. India retains the status of one of Russia's key partners in the field of military-technical cooperation. Recent confirmation of this is the signing of military contracts between Russia and India worth almost $3 billion.

In the world arms market, Russia occupies a leading position. In 2012, the export of Russian weapons amounted to a record $14 billion, and the amount of new contracts for the supply of military equipment to third countries today already exceeds $15 billion.

Many Russian defense enterprises, as part of the conversion of the 1990s, reoriented part of their production to the production of peaceful consumer goods. The profit received from the sale of civilian products, as a rule, is invested in the development of the enterprise, the improvement of the material and technical part, the preparation of production, the modernization of equipment, the purchase of new high-tech equipment, and the financing of the development of new types of civilian products. For example, output and provision of civilian and dual-use services JSC "VPK "NPO Mashinostroeniya" in 2011 amounted to 15.1% of the total volume of production in the Corporation. By program innovative development for the period up to 2015, the volume of output of civilian and dual-use products and services should increase by another 1.5 times.

Level state support The defense industry indicates that the portfolio of orders in the field of development and production of weapons and military equipment will increase. In the coming years, Russian military enterprises will receive up to 3 trillion. rubles for modernization and technical re-equipment. It is this amount that is included in the Federal Target Program for the Development of the Military-Industrial Complex for 2011-2020 (FTP-2020).

The main objective of the program is to ensure the production of high-tech military products that are competitive in terms of their combat and operational characteristics. At the same time, in 2011, Russia adopted the State Armaments Program until 2020 (SAP-2020), unprecedented in terms of funding (approximately 20 trillion rubles) and the nature of tasks. The largest in history modern Russia the state program in the field of the defense industry is designed to equip the Russian army modern means conduct of hostilities and, ultimately, bring it to a new look, fully consistent with global trends in the development of means of armed struggle.

Summing up, we can conclude that the situation at the enterprises of the domestic defense industry is gradually improving. The industry has come out of a protracted crisis, new types of weapons are being developed and launched into a series, the export of Russian military equipment is growing. The state fully fulfills its obligations to defense enterprises, the financing of which is carried out to the full extent of the funds allocated in the federal budget. As part of the program for the accelerated development of the defense industry, a large-scale reconstruction of fixed assets and modernization of the production and technological base are being carried out.

Growth in the volume of purchases of armaments and military equipment, in accordance with SAP-2020, improvement of the placement of the State Defense Order and pricing for military products, the implementation of the FTP-2020 measures in full, the implementation of innovative development programs for defense industry companies and the product policy for the production of competitive civilian equipment, as well as the implementation of measures on vocational training and the retention of personnel in the defense industry make it possible to predict sustainable development rates of the defense complex of the Russian Federation in the future.

Bibliography:

1.Annual report OJSC VPK NPO Mashinostroeniya for 2012. -[ Electronic resource]. - Access mode. - URL: http://www.npomash.ru/download/godotchet2012.pdf. (date of access: 25.09.13).

2. Dovguchits S.I. On the development of the situation in the defense industry in 2011, the main activities and tasks for the near future // Collection. Defense complex of the Russian Federation: state and development prospects. pp. 213-224.

3. Ministry of Industry and Trade of the Russian Federation. - [Electronic resource]. - Access mode. - URL: http://www.minpromtorg.gov.ru/docs/mpt/orders/647. (date of treatment 25.09.13).

The military-industrial complex (abbreviated as the military-industrial complex) is a part of the industry of the state that is engaged in the production of military equipment and is aimed at R&D in the defense sector. The formation of the military-industrial complex took place in the second half of the 20th century. The main prerequisites for its formation were the growth in the scale of hostilities and the expansion of the armed forces.

At that time, the best results were demonstrated by the military-industrial complex of the Soviet Union, America, Great Britain, Italy and the Warsaw Pact Organizations (OVD).

In connection with the transition from battles to a peaceful political dialogue between the warring parties, and then the split of the USSR and the Department of Internal Affairs, the number of weapons and armed forces produced was reduced by almost three times. Thus, since the 1990s, the Russian military-industrial complex has established itself at a sufficient level for the security of the state as a whole, and there have been no noticeable ups and downs. At the beginning of 2000, it included more than two thousand enterprises, but there was no clear understanding of what the military-industrial complex was. Today, the management commission includes 18 people headed by the President of the Russian Federation - Putin V.V. In addition, the scientific and technical council of the military-industrial complex (the leader is Mikhailov Yu.M.) and the collegium of the military-industrial complex (the head is D. O. Rogozin, the head of the collegium apparatus is I. V. Borovkov) function under the commission.

The specifics of the military-industrial complex

Distinctive features of the military-industrial complex:

• the customer is always the state;
• non-standard requirements (manufacturability, capital intensity, long-term) to the quality and technical properties of weapons and military equipment;
• confidentiality of innovative projects;
• the inability of enterprises to enter the foreign market;
• high professionalism of the leaders of the military-industrial complex of Russia;
• producers are directly dependent on each other;
• the need for a large supply of material and labor resources;
• huge scale of defense enterprises.

The level of development of the military-industrial complex of Russia plays a key role in maintaining the security of the entire country, is largely responsible for the technical re-equipment of the main segments of the economy (medicine, transport, education, the fuel and energy complex (FEC), social security, etc.), is a sign of political sustainability.

By what principle are military-industrial complex enterprises located?

The military-industrial complex includes enterprises that manufacture and develop the necessary equipment for a successful attack, ammunition, firearms and chemical weapons.

The location of the enterprise is determined based on the following factors:

1. security;
2. convenient logistics interchange;
3. availability of qualified specialists and stocks of material resources;
4. the city in which the enterprise is based must be closed;
5. the possibility of creating duplicate production.

The main principle is the security of the location of the manufacturing enterprise of the military-industrial complex, taking into account the flight time of foreign missiles and aircraft, therefore enterprises and main centers are located in remote regions of Russia (Siberia or the Urals).

Branches of the military-industrial complex:

1. manufacture of ammunition. For these purposes, the plant is located in the Central and Western regions of Russia;
2. small arms industry (Izhevsk, Volgograd, Klimov, Nizhny Novgorod, Kovrovsk);
3. nuclear production, including mining and processing of uranium ore (Zelenogorsk, Ozersk, etc.). Dispose of nuclear waste in Snezhinsk;
4. space industry (launch and manufacture of rockets in Moscow, Samara, Omsk, Zheleznogorsk, Krasnoyarsk);
5. production of military aircraft parts and their collection (Kazan, Moscow, Irkutsk, Taganrog, Saratov and other cities);
6. tank industry (Volgograd, Arzamas);
7. military shipbuilding (Komsomolsk-on-Amur and other closed cities).

In total, the complex includes more than a thousand enterprises throughout Russia, each of which is distinguished by special secrecy. The military-industrial complex includes factories, research centers, design bureaus and test sites.

State agents of Russia

For 2020, the structure of the Russian military-industrial complex includes five state agents:

• RASU. Operates in the field of electronic industry (radio industry and other means of communication);
• RAV. Works in the armaments industry;
• "Rossudostroenie". Engaged in warships;
• RAKA. Enterprise associated with the aviation industry;
• "Rosammunition". A specialized agency that manufactures munitions and chemical weapons.

Each of the functioning agencies is included in the government and oversees the defense industry.

Due to what is the military-industrial complex of the Russian Federation being revived and what are the prospects for development?

After several years of improvement and restructuring of the production process, Russia began to show positive results and take an active part in the implementation of innovative projects. The updating of the military-industrial complex of the Russian Federation takes place on the basis of the largest state corporation in the field of manufacturing and selling military equipment and weapons - Rostec. Today, the corporation includes more than 660 small enterprises throughout the Russian Federation, which employ almost half a million people. Most political observers regard such an act as copying the industrial model of the development of the USSR. If we analyze in more depth, we can see that Russian government adheres to a mixed position - a centralized type of planning and the formation of market relations. After Rostec entered the top 10 largest enterprises in the world, the head of the communications service Brovko V. stated with confidence that in the plans by 2035 the year would firmly gain a foothold in fifth position. In addition, the state corporation aims at a closer partnership with Latin American countries (today 16% of exports go to this region).

The restoration of the Russian military-industrial complex is based on the experience of the 90s. The main goal of the complex is to achieve independence from imports. To do this, Rostec companies depend on each other by expanding production.

Problems of the military-industrial complex in Russia and the USA

It's no secret that business sharks own the US economy. In this regard, the question arises: why is so much money in the United States inverted into the military-industrial complex? The economic situation leaves much to be desired, as the public debt is growing exponentially. As you know, the military industry does not generate income, and due to the cost of its maintenance, there are fewer funds left for the development of infrastructure, education and other segments of the economy. It is worth mentioning that the US military-industrial complex is the largest employer in the world (more than 3 million employees). In turn, the main problem of the Russian military-industrial complex is that the pricing system does not stimulate the employees of the enterprise to increase productivity. It is unprofitable to increase production efficiency, since most of the profits go to the state budget, so the rationing and regulation of average wages does not bring the expected results.

Outcome

The military-industrial complex contributes to the development of many industries (aviation, electronics, space, science and even the banking sector). Russia is actively integrating the fundamental and practical areas of innovation within the efficient operation military organizations. Due to this, the military-industrial complex is fully functioning and successfully developing. In addition, efforts are being made to ensure that the military-industrial complex produces ideal products that justify investment expectations. It is obvious that in such a current situation of the military-industrial complex, the prospect for a wonderful future and a successful present undoubtedly exists. The government is constantly reorganizing work so that defense enterprises can function as efficiently and efficiently as possible.

If you have any questions - leave them in the comments below the article. We or our visitors will be happy to answer them.

Industrial policy in the military-industrial complex of the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as the DIC) is carried out in accordance with the goals, objectives and priority areas of the state policy in the field of development of the DIC, approved by the President of the Russian Federation for a ten-year period and beyond, and the legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of defense.

One of the main tasks in the field of stimulating and supporting the innovative development of the defense industry, realizing its competitive advantages, promoting technologies and industrial products to the markets high-tech goods and services is the diversification of production through the use of dual-use technologies, increasing the production of civilian products and expanding the range. Order of the President of Russia No. Pr-2346 dated 05.12.2016 established the share of civilian and dual-use products in the total output of the military-industrial complex, which should increase to 30% by 2025 and up to 50% by 2030.

Today it is extremely important to form the state demand for civilian products of the defense industry and develop an expanded list of products necessary for the implementation national projects. The first step in this direction is to establish key indicators efficiency: an increase in the share of products purchased from defense enterprises - for large state-owned companies, an increase in the share of production of civilian goods - for defense organizations.

Under the so-called civilian procurement market, we propose to understand in this case special forms and methods of supplying goods, providing works and services, with the exception of the state defense order (SDO).

Within the framework of national projects, the priority market niches for defense industry organizations today are: medicine, transport
construction, radio electronics, road construction equipment, power engineering and others. The capacity of these markets in terms of the competencies of defense industry organizations is now estimated at 1.2 trillion rubles.

In addition to national projects, a number of regulatory legal measures are already in place today that stimulate the purchase of civilian products from Russian defense organizations:
. a ban on foreign goods and services for the needs of the country's defense and state security (PP RF No. 9);
. restrictions and conditions of admission certain types foreign radio-electronic products (PP RF No. 968);
. a ban on the admission of products of the machine-tool industry for the needs of the country's defense (PP RF No. 239);
. limiting the admission of foreign weapons, ammunition and their parts (PP RF No. 1119);
. a ban on the purchase of furniture and woodworking industries originating from foreign countries (with the exception of the member states of the EAEU) for the purposes of procurement for state and municipal needs (Government of the Russian Federation
№ 1072);
. restrictions and conditions for the admission of drugs included in the list of vital and essential drugs (PP RF No. 1289);
. a ban on foreign light industry goods (PP RF No. 791);
. restrictions and access conditions for stents for coronary arteries, as well as catheters (PR RF No. 1469);
. a ban on the admission of certain types of engineering goods to meet state and municipal needs (PP RF No. 656);
. restrictions and conditions for the admission of certain types of foreign medical devices (PP RF No. 102);
. prohibition on admission of foreign software to meet state and municipal needs (PP RF No. 1236).

At the same time, within the framework of diversification, organizations face a number of difficulties associated with entering new domestic Russian markets for civil products. Defense industry organizations carry out economic activities primarily in the interests of ensuring
defense and security of the state within the framework of the state defense order (hereinafter referred to as the GOZ). A fixed profitability has been established for the production of products supplied under the state defense order, state regulation applies to some defense products.
prices, which negatively affects the results of the financial and economic activities of organizations. Consequence state regulation in the field of state defense orders, there is a shortage of investment resources for defense enterprises that could be directed to the development and production of new civilian products.

In order to reduce barriers to entry into product markets, it is proposed to provide the possibility of establishing additional benefits for defense industry organizations when participating in the procurement process of civilian products. We believe that in order to adapt the defense industry to functioning in market conditions, it is necessary to provide preferential treatment for the supply of products (works, services) of defense industry organizations for state and municipal needs.

The possibility of establishing preferences (national treatment and features of its provision) is enshrined in paragraph 30 of the Protocol on the procedure for regulating procurement of the Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union dated May 29, 2014.

In the Russian Federation, this regime is implemented by Part 4 of Art. 14 of the Federal Law of April 5, 2013 No. 44-FZ “On the contract system ...”, according to which the federal executive body for regulating the contract system in the field of procurement establishes
admission conditions for the purposes of procurement of goods originating from a foreign state or a group of foreign states, works, services, respectively, performed, rendered by foreign persons, with the exception of goods, works, services in respect of which the Government of the Russian Federation has established a ban.

In pursuance of this provision of the law, by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 04.06.2018 No. 126n, these conditions are determined and the List of goods is approved, the consideration and evaluation of applications for which takes place with the application of a 15% reduction coefficient to the price of the contract proposed by the participant.

It is advisable to expand this list by including the main civilian products manufactured by defense industry organizations. According to our estimates, this will allow it to include at least 85 new categories (according to OKPD 2 codes) from among the range of products produced by defense industry organizations.

The proposed approach will allow defense industry organizations, whose civilian products, as a rule, have a high cost, including due to the specifics of defense industries, to compete on an equal footing with other suppliers in this parameter.

The transitional period, provided with preferential treatment, will be used by defense industry organizations to restructure the enterprise management system, including training personnel in marketing basics (determining promising competencies and sales markets), developing and launching competitive civilian products on the market, technical and technological re-equipment of enterprises.

The implementation of the preferential approach will contribute to the sustainable development of the processes of diversification of the defense industry, the growth of business activity as industrial enterprises, and high-tech knowledge-intensive companies of small and medium-sized businesses.

CLUSTER PURCHASING

The implementation of measures related to the use of dual-use technologies and the expansion of the range of relevant products is one of the main system-wide tasks in the framework of the defense industry diversification. In addition to the preferential approach, a promising mechanism that, if implemented systematically, can provide an additional increase in the civilian production of the defense industry, can be the development of cluster interaction between defense organizations and innovative companies on the principles of partnership.

Certain positive results of the implementation of state support programs for innovation-territorial and industrial clusters can be noted. The Ministry of Industry and Trade of Russia is developing 43 industrial clusters, and the Ministry of Economic Development of Russia is developing 27 innovation-territorial clusters, including 12 world-class superclusters.

Already today, clusters have become an important driver of the socio-economic and industrial development of regions: new highly productive jobs are being created, and the tax base is growing. The mechanism has become widely demanded by representatives of both large and small and medium-sized businesses. Today, more than 600 organizations with an annual output of more than 1 trillion rubles are involved in industrial clusters alone. The funds invested by the state have shown high efficiency, including within the framework of the implementation of import substitution programs and the creation of domestic competitive high-tech products.

The strength of the cluster approach is the so-called "team game" between the state-owned company and its suppliers in order to develop suppliers to the level at which they supply quality products at a favorable price.

Today, the Board of the Military-Industrial Commission of the Russian Federation has a special Interdepartmental Working Group on the Dual-Use Scientific and Industrial Cluster. A dual-purpose scientific and industrial cluster is a special form of cluster cooperation based on the principles of public-private partnership with the participation of defense industry organizations and is an integrator of the regional scientific and industrial complex.

The purpose of the dual-use scientific and industrial clusters is to ensure the preservation of the necessary infrastructure, industrial equipment, personnel of technological and scientific reserves for quick switching between diversification and mobilization of the economy of defense industry enterprises and launch the processes of reindustrialization of the regional economy as a whole.

The specifics of the implementation of cluster mechanisms in the defense industry is largely related to the following aspects:

The core of the cluster is often made up of enterprises with state participation, which limits the space for market maneuver: defense industry organizations are forced to be guided not only by market requirements, but also by established tasks (tasks for state defense orders, maintaining mob capacities);
. the need for special competencies of an organization that claims to be the core of the cluster defense industry and providing it with professional personnel (universities, research centers, etc.);
. the need for scientific, educational and engineering centers capable of transferring technologies in the field of defense industry diversification with appropriate access to information;
. the need to develop special mechanisms for the transfer of dual-use technologies related to pricing, depreciation of equipment, export-import operations, etc.;
. implementation of scientific and technical expertise and technology transfer, subject to the procedure for working with information of limited use.

One of the possible schemes for the formation of dual-purpose scientific and industrial clusters on present stage may be the integration of innovation-territorial and industrial clusters with the participation of interested defense industry organizations and special centers of competence in the regions of presence (see figure). The cluster approach opens up significant prospects for defense industry organizations, primarily related to the influx of new ideas and private investment in research and development, technology transfer and innovation, entry into new markets in the country and abroad. The involvement of residents of scientific and industrial clusters, on the one hand, will allow defense organizations to maintain strategic control over suppliers of different levels of cooperation and transfer part of the risks of attracting SMEs to state scientific organizations. On the other hand, the cluster procurement mechanism can provide additional solvent demand from the state for high-tech products, works and services, as well as create additional high-tech jobs based on attracted SMEs. It was this issue - the relationship between the diversification of defense industry enterprises and socio-economic development in the regions of their presence - that was devoted to the next meeting of the Interdepartmental Working Group on the Dual-Use Scientific and Industrial Cluster, which was held on April 22, 2019 under the chairmanship of the Deputy Chairman of the Board of the Military-Industrial Commission
Russian Federation O. I. Bochkareva on the topic: “About a dual-use cluster as an effective mechanism for diversifying organizations of the military-industrial complex and reindustrializing the regional economy of the Russian Federation”. The meeting was attended by representatives of the Ministry of Economic Development of Russia, the Ministry of Industry and Trade of Russia, the Ministry of Defense of Russia, the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia, the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia and the Ministry of Construction of Russia; directors of leading research organizations and defense industry enterprises, representatives of several banking structures and development institutions, as well as industrial regions of Russia - the Moscow region, the city of St. Petersburg, Krasnoyarsk Territory and Novosibirsk region.

The participants of the meeting recognized the importance of coordinated interdepartmental work on the creation of organizational and legal mechanisms for ensuring activities for the formation of dual-purpose scientific and industrial clusters in order for the process of diversification of the defense industry to become a powerful driver of overall socio-economic development.

One of the mechanisms for the development of dual-use scientific and industrial clusters and the launch of the processes of reindustrialization of the regional economy, that is, the development of new high-tech industries that replace the old ones or contribute to their transfer to a new technological base, the participants also propose to consider an offset contract, which allows the customer to stimulate investment in new industries or upgrading existing facilities.

OFFSET CONTRACT

An offset contract allows the customer, in accordance with paragraph 48 of part 1 of article 93 44-FZ, to conclude a state (municipal) contract in the region with a supplier of goods that has established the appropriate production of goods under an offset contract. In other words, for investing in the production of the region, the investor is provided with guarantees for the sale of manufactured products to the state or municipal customer. Offset contract features:

1. The term of the offset contract is limited to 10 years.

2. The minimum investment should be 1 billion rubles.

3. The offset contract provides for the maximum period during which the creation or modernization and (or) development of production is carried out. The implementation of measures within the specified period allows the investor-supplier to conclude state (municipal) contracts in the region.

4. The offset contract indicates the executive authority of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation, which establishes the procedure for determining marginal price units of goods, the production of which is created or modernized and (or) mastered, as well as the procedure for determining
contract prices.

Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 22, 2016 No. 1441 in accordance with paragraph 48 of part 1 of article 93 44-FZ on the procedure for determining the maximum price of a unit of goods, the production of which is created or modernized and (or) mastered on the territory of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation in accordance with a state contract concluded with sole supplier goods - by a legal entity in accordance with Article 111.4 of the said Federal Law, as well as to the procedure for determining the price of such a contract"
establishes the following requirements for the initial (maximum) contract price:
. if the goods are subject to tariff regulation, then the marginal price is established taking into account the legal acts on such regulation and cannot exceed the price determined in accordance with them;
. in other cases, the price is determined using the method of comparable market prices (market analysis), and if the goods are sold at exchange auctions, they cannot exceed the price formed on them.

The price of the contract for the supply of goods is determined based on the marginal price of a unit of goods and the quantity (volume) of the purchased goods.

5. In accordance with Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of November 12, 2016 No. 1166 “On establishing the features of procurement planning and holding tenders to determine the supplier with whom a state contract is concluded, providing for
counter investment obligations of the supplier-investor to create or modernize and (or) master the production of goods on the territory of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation to meet the state needs of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation "the supplier-investor provides security for the execution of the state contract in terms of investment obligations in the amount of 2 to 5% of the volume investment. The government contract may provide for the payment of an advance, which, in turn, may be conditional on the provision by the supplier-investor of security in the amount of the advance. This collateral is provided separately from the collateral described above relating to investment obligations.

The first offset contract was signed in Moscow in 2017 with the Biocad company, the contract amount is 14 billion rubles.

As part of the meeting of the Interdepartmental Working Group on the dual-use scientific and industrial cluster, representatives of the Project Office of the Ministry of Industry and Trade of Russia proposed to ensure the possibility of concluding offset contracts not only at the regional, but also at the interregional and federal levels, to extend the duration of contracts when implementing export-oriented projects, to reduce the minimum the level of investment in export-oriented projects and establish fixed obligations for the purchase by the customer to meet federal needs. These measures, according to the participants of the meeting, will make it possible to make investments in domestic industrial production more attractive for investors, expand the list of products Russian production, including on the basis of scientific and industrial clusters with the participation of defense industry organizations.

As a result, according to the Minutes of the meeting of the Interdepartmental Working Group on the dual-use scientific and industrial cluster chaired by the Deputy Chairman of the Board of the Military Industrial Commission of the Russian Federation O.I. of Russia, the Ministry of Economic Development of Russia, the Ministry of Industry and Trade of Russia, the Ministry of Construction of Russia, the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia, the State Corporation "Roscosmos", the State Corporation "Vnesheconombank", the Fund for Advanced Studies, FSUE "VNII" Center ", FGBU Research Institute "Voskhod", FGBUN "Institute of Economics and Organization industrial production SB RAS", Federal State Unitary Enterprise "Krylovsky State science Center”, FSBI “Federal Institute of Industrial Property” was instructed to:
- continue developing the organizational and legal framework for intensifying the processes of diversification of defense industry organizations by creating dual-use scientific and industrial clusters, including the creation of a Competence Center for dual-use clusters based on the ERA Military Innovation Technopolis
- assess the cluster potential of existing regional consortiums of enterprises producing high-tech civil and dual-use products, including those with the participation of defense industry organizations, identify the organization-leader of the cooperative process in order to disseminate positive experience;
- prepare proposals for adjusting the guidelines for the formation of Innovative Development Programs (IDP) by including in them the requirements for the priority and systematic selection of intellectual R&D results created in the course of the implementation of state programs (FTP) and the State Defense Order; introduction from 2019 of a system of expert opinions on assessing the effectiveness of design and survey works in terms of the implementation of intellectual R&D results in design and development projects;
- to develop and apply on the basis of the dual-purpose scientific and industrial clusters being created a single end-to-end cycle of scientific and technological development, provided with the necessary and sufficient measures of state support, in order to expand the list of advanced technologies that are critical for strategic industries, as well as for the purpose of "implementation a joint project of participants in industrial clusters to launch the production of a component base, taking into account the need to achieve growth rates in the supply of these industrial products to enterprises located in Russia” (according to the minutes of the meeting with the Deputy Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation D.N. Kozak dated January 31, 2019 No. DK -P9-18pr);
- prepare proposals on making the necessary changes and additions to the Federal Law of December 31, 2014 No. 488-FZ No. On Industrial Policy in the Russian Federation”.

The Institute for Public-Private Planning, together with the Ministry of Economic Development of Russia, to prepare recommendations for regional leaders on measures and comprehensive indicators of the effectiveness of supporting enterprises' production programs by forming a guaranteed regional order.

Journal "Government order: management, placement, provision" No. 56

Article Authors:

Antipina Elena Alexandrovna - Head of the Interdepartmental Working Group on the Dual-Use Scientific and Industrial Cluster of the Collegium of the Military Industrial Commission of the Russian Federation, CEO Institute for Public-Private Planning.

Zhurenkov Denis Alexandrovich - Head of the Information and Analytical Support Department of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise VNII Center (Ministry of Industry and Trade of Russia)

Sheloumov Mikhail Alexandrovich - Ph.D. in Law, Head of Methodology of State and Corporate Procurement of Electronic trading floor"GPB"

Current auctions

Name and number

Customer

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Defense production

Defense production- the area of ​​production (industry) of the state, which is a combination of research, testing institutions, organizations and manufacturing enterprises that carry out the development, testing, production and disposal of weapons, military and special equipment and other property for the armed forces (power structures) of the state. Some authors narrow the concept defense production showing it as the most important, but not the only, component of the military-industrial complex.

Composition

• development of weapons and military equipment;
• production of weapons and military equipment;
• testing of weapons and military equipment;
• repair of weapons and military equipment;
• maintenance of weapons and military equipment;

Industries

Defense industries:

1. Production of nuclear weapons;
2. Rocket and space industry;
3. Military shipbuilding;
4. armored industry;
5. Manufacture of small arms and ammunition;
6. Production of artillery weapons;

Russia

In the 1990s, many enterprises of the state, in accordance with the Federal Law, dated April 13, 1998, No. 60-FZ, "On the conversion of the defense industry in the Russian Federation", were reoriented to the production of civilian products, including equipment for oil and gas companies .

USA

Defense production facilities

The objects of defense production are:

1. All enterprises producing systems and elements of weapons, explosives and poisonous substances, fissile and radioactive materials, rocket launchers, space and aircrafts, military equipment, enterprises and facilities providing maintenance, launching and tracking of spacecraft, carrying out research and development work in these areas - regardless of the share of military orders;
2. Protected working premises of emergency control points of all state authorities of the Russian Federation, as well as communication and engineering infrastructure facilities intended for use during a special period.

Impact on the economy of individual regions

The share of defense production in the structure of the economy of the Nizhny Novgorod region is extremely high and, according to various estimates, is 30-40% (due to well-known difficulties, a more accurate assessment is impossible, but these data are enough to classify the Nizhny Novgorod economy as one of the most militarized regional economies of the country). It should be pointed out that the existence of a developed military production determines the nature of not only the regional economy itself, but also practically all other spheres of life: science, education, construction, social security, and all infrastructure elements. Defense production is, as a rule, the most knowledge-intensive and high-tech, concentrates the most qualified personnel and, in addition, bears a large social burden.

see also

Notes

Literature

• Great Soviet Encyclopedia (BSE), Third Edition, "Soviet Encyclopedia" 1969-1978 in 30 volumes;
• Soviet military encyclopedia. - M .: Military publishing house, 1976-1980. - (in 8 tons). - 105,000 copies.
• Military Encyclopedic Dictionary (VES), M ., Military Publishing House, 1984, 863 pages with illustrations (ill.), 30 sheets (ill.);
• "Military Encyclopedic Dictionary" (VES), M., Military Publishing House, 2007;
• Grigoriev M.N., E.Yu. Krasnova; Marketing of military products: textbook / Publishing house Info-da, - St. Petersburg, 2011. - P. 435 - ISBN 978-5-94652-344-8

Links

• The text of the Constitution of Russia on the official website of the President of Russia
• Federal Law, April 13, 1998, No. 60-FZ, "On the Conversion of the Defense Industry in the Russian Federation"
• Information agency TS VPK - monitoring the current state and analysis of the prospects for the development of the military-industrial complex of Russia
• Military-industrial complex news - daily reviews of news of the military-industrial complex of Russia and other countries of the world
• Breakthrough on the world arms market, "Russia in Global Affairs". No. 2, March - April 2008
• Marriage and divorce contract Novaya Gazeta, 02/27/2008 - 8 biggest failures of the military-industrial complex

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See what "Defence Production" is in other dictionaries:

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The volume of the State Defense Order, which used to be 100% of the load, is now clearly insufficient to keep enterprises afloat. Even taking into account the fact that a significant part of the State Defense Order was used to finance strategic forces, the almost complete absence of physical purchases of weapons by the Russian army indicates the presence of systemic failures in the distribution of the state defense order.

The total amount of the state defense order for the purchase, development and repair of weapons is about 520 billion rubles in this year's budget. To date, more than 3.5 thousand contracts have been concluded for 300 billion rubles, which is 70% of the state defense order. The Ministry of Defense has already transferred 130 billion rubles to enterprises. as part of the financing of the state defense order this year.

After the revision of the budget, according to experts, it is still unclear what the specific volumes of support for enterprises will be. Because of this, since the beginning of the year, research and development projects have not been financed at all, and the money that the enterprises nevertheless received was issued mainly within the framework of earlier

signed multi-year contracts. Another reason for the delays is the reform of the ordering services of the Ministry of Defense and the peculiarities of the legislation: it takes at least two months from bidding to place an order to the conclusion of a contract, and almost half of the contracts to be concluded this year have not even been bidded. Such a situation at the beginning of the implementation of the reform can jeopardize the timing of rearmament, which is vital not only for the army, but for the entire economy of the country.

1. URL: http://www.finam.ru/dictionary/wordf00F60/default. asp?n=10.

2. New weapons will be! //A red star. 2008 .

3. Litovkin D. Will the state defense order-2009 become a locomotive for overcoming the crisis? / Izvestiya. 05/06/2009. URL: http://www.izvestia.ru/economic/article3128165/

4. On the federal budget: feder. law.

© Abramova E. V., Vlasova K. E., Eremeev D. V., 2010

I. A. Baburina, E. E. Gubaidullina Supervisor - G. I. Yurkovskaya Siberian State Aerospace University named after Academician M. F. Reshetnev, Krasnoyarsk

MAIN FEATURES OF ENTERPRISES IN THE DEFENSE INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX

The main features of the enterprises of the military-industrial complex are determined, which distinguish their activities from the activities of enterprises in other areas of production, their essence is revealed.

Defense-industrial complex (DIC) - a set of research, design, testing organizations and manufacturing enterprises that develop and manufacture military and special equipment for state law enforcement agencies and for export, as well as civilian products as part of the conversion. In addition, for the period up to 2015, the needs of the state in this area are determined State program weapons for 2007-2015. That is why it is very important to clearly understand the main features of the OPK:

1. High dependence on government orders with a real prospect of its termination. National security- one of the main needs of the state and society, the satisfaction of which determines the creation of the defense industry. Hence the need for constant attention on the part of the state to the problems of the development of the defense industry. As a result, the main purpose of the functioning of the defense industry makes it dependent on the availability of a state order, i.e., on providing it with work and the necessary funding.

2. The specific nature of the purpose of products is determined by its focus on providing

the strategic interests of the country. Defense industry products are first and foremost military equipment created to ensure the defense capability and security of the state, the protection of morality, health, rights and legitimate interests citizens of the Russian Federation; the main instrument for the implementation of the country's strategic objectives; the main indicator of the power and independence of the state, an indicator of its status on the world stage.

3. Most of the activities are presented in design form. The modern dynamics of development requires enterprises to implement more and more new projects. From this point of view, the OPK is characterized by the presence of a goal; limited time; the uniqueness of the product and the conditions for obtaining the result; the presence of a specific structure and team; a change in which a project takes a system from its current state to its desired state.

4. The presence of a pronounced specialization of production. The specialization of the defense industry is of a military science-intensive nature, which is manifested in such large areas as aerospace, rocket-building, radio-electronic, production of communications equipment, ammunition and special equipment, and instrument making.

Section "Economics and business"

5. Long term and capital intensive production activities. Long term planning allows decisions to be made about the basic structure of the production program. So, manufacturing program formed not for one year, but for several years. Capital intensity is determined by constant financing and dependence on the timing of its implementation. All production costs are also calculated for several years, taking into account the possibility of making changes in the distribution of financial resources, or taking into account the likelihood of their receipt being stopped.

6. The uniqueness of the products. The defense industrial complex is a single science-intensive production that produces a limited type of product and has its own specific consumer - the state. The uniqueness of the products of the defense industry lies in the use of certain high-precision equipment in its production, in the use of unique and complex technologies, and in the use of highly qualified labor resources.

7. High level of science intensity of production. The Russian defense industry is a multifunctional research and production industry capable of developing and producing modern types and types of weapons, as well as producing a variety of high-tech civilian products. The military-industrial complex is the main consumer of the results of innovation activity.

8. High level of risk. The basis of effective work in the defense industry is to ensure constant control of deviations. This includes regular accounting, full reporting on production, analysis and coordination of production. The state does not take economic responsibility for causing damage to the company. In addition, there is a constant risk of termination, delay or reduction in financing of the state order, as a result of which, further production of products is carried out entirely at the expense of own funds enterprises .

9. High level of requirements for the quality of manufactured products and the implementation of business processes (quality, timing, costs). Defense industry products must be produced strictly within the specified time frame and not exceed the budgeted costs.

10. High level of requirements for the qualification of personnel (workers, employees, specialists). Human Resources The defense industrial complex is determined by the complex nature of labor and the forms of its motivation, the national significance of the formation and implementation of the labor potential of workers in this field of activity. Defense industry personnel have a unique combination of skills and abilities.

11. Limited opportunities for information and technology transfer. The information conditions for the functioning of enterprises are special requirements due to secrecy that limits cooperation and technology transfer. The main directions and volumes of development of defense technologies are determined by the military doctrine of the state. The current legal basis for the maintenance and protection of developments of the defense complex is determined by the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

12. Availability of conversion production. In addition to military products, defense industry enterprises produce civilian products. The defense industry uses its capabilities to the maximum to ensure not only the defense, but also the economic, social and intellectual security of the country, which is envisaged in the idea of ​​conversion.

According to the analysis, we note that on the basis of the features of the defense industry, a production program is being developed through which the main task of the functioning of defense industry enterprises is realized.

1. Katkalo V. S. State order in economic structures: principles of formation and implementation mechanism // Bulletin of the Leningrad University. 1990. Issue. 2. S. 104-111.

2. Antipov A. A. Status and development of the domestic military-industrial complex. Krasnaya Zvezda. 2006. No. 3.

3. Osmolovsky VV Organization and planning of industrial enterprises (associations). Minsk: Highest. school, 1978. S. 192.

4. Avdonina Yu. The supplier is waiting for guarantees // Risk. 1993. No. 3. S. 25.

© Baburina I. A., Gubaidullina E. E., Yurkovskaya G. I., 2010

N. V. Bakhmareva Siberian State Aerospace University named after Academician M. F. Reshetnev, Krasnoyarsk

ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFICIENCY OF ORGANIZATIONAL MANAGEMENT STRUCTURES

An attempt was made to synthesize methods for evaluating the effectiveness organizational structures management, in order to identify indicators that most fully reflect the essence of the business processes under consideration.

In modern economic conditions, when evaluating the results economic activity increasingly important for the organization of acquisition

yut qualitative indicators that are the basis complex analysis financial and economic activities. We believe that more stable