Assessment of natural conditions. Assessment of natural and geographical conditions for the life of the population and economic activity Study and assessment of the natural conditions of Western Siberia

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Target: study natural conditions West Siberian Plain and their influence on the life and life of the population.

Tasks:

• Educational:
  • expand knowledge about the West Siberian Plain as a large natural complex;
  • to form knowledge about the originality of the natural conditions of the West Siberian Plain.
• Developing:
  • continue shaping
  • skills of working with various sources of information;
  • critical thinking, the ability to develop, formulate and defend one's own point of view to support it with scientific knowledge;
  • value-worldview, socio-cultural and informational competencies;
  • develop independent thinking.
• Educational:
  • to cultivate geographical culture and aesthetic perception of geographical objects, a feeling of love for native nature;
  • promote spiritual formation, harmonization of the child's personality;
  • to form the ecological consciousness of schoolchildren;
  • educating the skills of creative assimilation of knowledge (the use of certain logical techniques and methods creative activity);
  • fostering the skills of creative application of knowledge (application of acquired knowledge in a new situation).

Methods according to the nature of cognitive activity: explanatory and illustrative, partially exploratory.

Forms of organization of cognitive activity: individual and frontal work.

Ways organization of cognitive activity: conversation, discussion - verbal (audio), analysis of various sources of information.

Equipment: physical map of Russia, computer, projector, presentation prepared with the Mouse Mischief program, video film Galileo.vipysk.729.(2011.04.14.) about the Khanty.

Lesson type: learning new material.

DURING THE CLASSES

I. Organizational moment

II. Setting learning objectives

Reveal the features of the natural conditions of the West Siberian Plain.
Consider the features of the life and way of life of the indigenous population - the Khanty.

III. Updating students' knowledge. Motivation for learning activities

– Today we will talk about the natural features of the West Siberian Plain. Show on the map the West Siberian Plain? (The student shows the West Siberian Plain on the map).
The plain has an exceptionally flat relief with heights of no more than 100 m above sea level. Only in the south and east the height above sea level reaches 250 meters. The climate of the region is from arctic in the north to temperate continental in the south.

V: And what are the reasons for the continental climate of Western Siberia?

O: The position predominantly in temperate latitudes determined the amount of solar radiation received by the territory. The remoteness from the Atlantic and Pacific oceans determined the continentality of the climate. The flatness of the territory, allowing cold masses of Arctic air to freely penetrate far south from the Kara Sea, and warm air masses from Kazakhstan and Central Asia far to the north. The mountains on the periphery fenced off the West Siberian Plain from the Atlantic air masses from the west and Central Asian ones from the southeast.
Due to the flatness of the region and its large extent from north to south, natural zonality is clearly expressed on the territory of Western Siberia. In the north, along the coast of the Arctic Ocean, there is a zone of arctic deserts, it is replaced by a zone of tundra and forest-tundra, and then the widest zone in the region - taiga. Taiga dark coniferous forests of spruce, cedar, fir, larch with islands of pine-larch forests pass to the south into a narrow strip of deciduous forests, forest-steppe and steppe. Soils vary from arctic to chernozem steppes. The forest-steppe and steppe with fertile gray and brown forest, chestnut and chernozem soils are heavily plowed. The West Siberian Plain is densely covered with rivers, the largest of which originate in the mountains of Southern Siberia. The main river of the region is the Ob, which flows into the Kara Sea. It is navigable throughout. About 30% of the area is occupied by swamps.
The West Siberian Plain is the richest territory in Russia with natural resources. For a long time, local residents hunted fur-bearing animals and game here. The taiga has valuable wood, there are a lot of fish in the rivers. The tundra is pasture for deer. But the main wealth of Western Siberia is its mineral resources.
The main resources are oil and gas, peat, coal, iron ores. The West Siberian Plain is a unique oil and gas province of the Earth. Industrial deposits of oil and gas are distributed here almost throughout the 2000-meter section of Mesozoic deposits. The average depth of oil and gas bearing formations in it ranges from 1500m to 2500-3000m. Western Siberia is the main oil-producing base of the country, it provides over 70% of the total Russian oil and natural gas production.
Searches in the bowels of Western Siberia for "black gold" and "blue fuel" made it possible to discover large reserves iron ores in the north of the Novosibirsk region.
The minerals of the Mesozoic deposits also include hot waters with a temperature of 40 to 120 ° C and containing dissolved salts of chlorides and carbonates, as well as iodine and bromine. They form a huge artesian basin at a depth of 1000 to 3000m on the territory of the Tyumen, Tomsk, Omsk and Novosibirsk regions.
Thus, the West Siberian Plain is a province rich in water, territorial resources, vast reserves of oil, gas, and iron ores.
However, despite the fact that Western Siberia is rich in natural resources, their development is difficult.

V: What is it connected with?

O: The main problem in the development of gas and oil in Western Siberia is the difficult natural conditions. The living and working conditions of people are complicated by severe frosts, in the north with hurricane winds. Soils in the north are bound by permafrost, which complicates construction. In summer, a huge number of blood-sucking insects - midges do not allow people to work quietly, they pester animals. But the main problem in the development of Siberia is the huge areas of swampy swamps.

V: What do you think is the reason for the high waterlogging of the area?

1. Weakly dissected topography with low relative heights leads to difficulty in the runoff surface.
2. The rivers have a slow flow and strong meandering (meanders are radiated in the river beds, lengthening the path of the river). In spring, the water level in the rivers flowing from south to north rises significantly. In the upper reaches it is warm, there is a lot of water, and the lower reaches are ice-bound. At low banks, the rivers overflow for tens of kilometers and serve as a waterway for swamping.
3. Peat contains up to 90% of water and contributes to an even greater accumulation of water in the swamp, and this leads to a rise in groundwater in the territories adjacent to the peat bog and their waterlogging.
4. Little evaporation due to low solar radiation.

Before the development of the resources of Western Siberia, the peoples of the North lived here for centuries - Selkups, Nenets, Khanty. They hunted, fished and lived in harmony with nature. The indigenous population of Western Siberia was engaged in hunting and fishing. The inhabitants of the north - the Nenets - roamed with deer. Nomadic reindeer breeding made it possible to preserve pastures, which were restored only after 10-15 years. Tundra plants grow slowly, summer is too short and cold. The Khanty and the Selkups cared for the nature around them, which provided them with food, clothing, and housing. Hunters and fishermen lived in low huts, the roof was insulated with earth from above. Ice floes served as glass in winter. With the help of a bow, the Selkups hunted squirrels, geese, and ducks. Salted fish and dried yukola served as food. Dried fish was used to grind flour - porsa. Waste (fish entrails, head bones) was not thrown away, but fat was drowned out of them. Their gallbladders stoked the bile and used it to process suede. Glue was boiled from sturgeon bubbles. The glue was used to make a valuable hunting tool - a bow, as well as in the manufacture of skis. Fish skins were used to make sacks in which food was stored. That is, the economy of the indigenous population was non-waste, and there were more fish in the rivers before than now. Oil workers came and disturbed pastures with caterpillars of all-terrain vehicles, there were fewer fish in the rivers, oil poisoned the fish. Now 2/3 of the population of the entire Eastern macroregion lives in the district, the average density is 6 people. per 1 km 2.

The residents are very unevenly distributed. The most densely populated southern regions along the Trans-Siberian. In the taiga, mainly river valleys are populated, the population density of the tundra is only 0.6 people. per 1 km 2. More than 90% of the population are Russians, there are also representatives of indigenous nationalities, but their share is small, for example, the Khanty and Mansi make up only about 1.5% in their national-territorial formations. The urbanization coefficient is 71%. The large cities of Western Siberia are located mainly at the intersection of railway and shipping routes. The largest of these millionaire cities are Novosibirsk and Omsk.

IV. Learning new material

- And now let's see a short story about the indigenous inhabitants of Siberia - the Khanty. When viewing, pay attention to the following aspects:

1. What are the features of the life and way of life of the indigenous small peoples of Siberia?
2. What is the main food of small nations?
3. What impact does the development of industry have on the life of small peoples?

Watching a video Galileo.vipysk.729.(2011.04.14.) about Khanty .

V. Consolidation

Students' answers to questions:

1. The need for self-sufficiency. Food is obtained by hunting and fishing; clothes and household items are created independently.
2. The main food of small peoples is fish and venison.
3. The extraction of mineral resources reduces the habitat of small peoples, but makes it possible to use some of the benefits of civilization, for example, snowmobiles.

Questions:

V: What natural resources are rich in the West Siberian Plain?

O: The West Siberian Plain is rich in water, territorial resources, oil, gas, peat, and iron ores.

V: Is it possible to fully use the potential of Western Siberia and what is the reason for this?

O: It is impossible to use the entire resource potential of Western Siberia, since this is prevented by the high swampiness of the region, permafrost in the northern part, the harsh climate in winter, and the presence of blood-sucking insects in summer.

VI. Homework

Natural conditions and natural resources of any country is, as a rule, the main component of the potential, determines the development opportunities of the country. For their comprehensive regional study, a standard characterization plan is used: relief, climate, water, soil, vegetation, animal world, natural areas, etc. In addition to the general object of study, integrated country studies considers the relationship between integral nature, economy and population.

To determine the natural conditions, resources and natural environment in country studies, one must start from a system of concepts related to the sphere of interaction between society and nature, the main of which are the concepts of "nature", "geographic Obolon ka", "geographical environment of society", "natural", "environment".

Natural resources- these are the components of nature that at a given level of development of the productive forces are used or can be used as means of production (objects and means of labor) and consumer goods.

Natural resources can be used:

As means of labor (land, waterways, water for irrigation)

As sources of energy (fuel resources, energy of water flows, wind)

As raw materials and materials (mineral raw materials, forest reserves, process water resources);

As commodities (fruits of wild plants, industrial fauna, drinking water).

Natural resources are classified:

According to the criterion of natural genesis, highlighting mineral, water, land, biological, climatic resources;

According to the method of use, based on the polyeconomic allocation of resources to the sources of means of production and commodities, with subsequent detailing.

According to the main ways of using nature, five groups of industries and types of economic activity are distinguished: 1) resource use industries - agriculture, forestry, water management and hydropower, which use nature as a means of production; 2) extractive industries, water consumption and industries that use nature as a source of finished objects of labor and consumption; 3) manufacturing industries, infrastructure, public utilities that use nature to locate their production and waste storage; 4) recreation, health care and sports, livelihoods of the population (especially rural), which use nature as a condition of living; 5) areas of experimental reserve economy, science that use nature as a testing ground for research, to preserve it for future generations.

Assessment of natural conditions and resources

Evaluation is a special form of reflection of reality. Value is the place of the object in social practice. In science, there are descriptive (descriptive) and evaluative studies. Descriptive scientific laws describe causal relationships in nature and society without evaluating them. And evaluative studies give characteristics, determine what is good, bad or indifferent for a person. In economic and social geography is both descriptive and value judgments.

Thus, evaluation is a subjective image of objective reality, that is, it reflects the interaction of the subject and objective reality (object).

In scientific and practical activities related to the solution of social and economic problems, an important role is played by the concept of choice, which is formed on the basis of assessments. It is possible to define such concepts as natural conditions, resources and environment only taking into account for whom or for what they are used, therefore, their assessment is based on the knowledge of both the object (nature) and the subject.

There are four components in the logic of assessments: the subject; an object;

character; the foundation.

Consider the connections between these components:

Subject-object. Depending on the tasks of social life

There are the following grading systems:

1) natural complex - technical system(technological assessment)

2) natural complex - economics (economic assessment)

3) natural complex - a person (medical-biological, socio-ecological, aesthetic, recreational assessments).

Character. Estimates are divided into absolute and comparative. For the formulation of the first use, for example, the terms "good", "bad", and for the formulation of comparative assessments - "better", "worse".

The foundation. Describing the position (scientific basis) on which the evaluation considerations are based. For example, by the mid-1950s. in studies of natural conditions and resources, naturalistic estimates were common. The legitimacy of the monetary valuation of natural resources was denied, since it was believed that nature lies outside the labor process and is not a product of labor. Obviously, the gifts of nature do not need labor, but their processing and storage require significant labor costs. Therefore, the monetary valuation of natural resources is possible and necessary.

Naturalistic assessments have been replaced by technological ones, according to which, for example, a forest is primarily a source of timber. The dominance of technological assessments is explained by the fact that technological, natural ties prevailed in the country's economy, and there were practically no cost relations, and there were no market mechanisms capable of ensuring a relatively rational use of natural resources.

With market relations and concern for the long-term consequences of the use of nature, various types of economic (value) valuations have become widespread: 1) based on the calculation of rent; 2) at the cost of restoring natural resources and the natural environment; 3) in terms of expenditures on research, development and operation.

The value of natural resources, according to environmentalists and some economists, does not coincide with the categories of cost or price. It should be a historical category, connected with social needs, the level of development of productive forces, scientific and technological progress, and go beyond strategic interests. Proponents of the theory of adaptation approach the problem even more radically, believing that the parameters of the planned economic growth it is necessary to adapt to nature, taking into account the natural, including ecological, capacity of the territory, and not to transform nature in accordance with the requirements of this growth.

Topic 3. Asian Russia (Eastern macroregion)

Geographical position. A large area of ​​​​the territory and a low degree of exploration and development, low population. The concentration of the main part of the population in the south.

Variety of natural conditions. Wealth in natural resources. The focal nature of the location of production, its raw materials, mining orientation. Weak development of processing industries. Difficulties in organizing production and life of the population in extreme conditions.

Western Siberia. The composition of the region. Geographical position in the west of the Asian part of Russia, between the Urals and the Yenisei.

The West Siberian Plain is one of the largest low-lying plains in the world. Its position on the young epipaleozoic plate and features of relief formation. Kara Sea. Climate and inland waters. Severe soreness. A distinctly pronounced zoning of nature from the tundra to the steppes. The zone of the North and its meaning. The dominance of medium-altitude and high mountains in the south of Western Siberia. Basins separating mountains. The contrast of climatic conditions. Altitudinal zonation.

Agro-climatic resources. Assessment of natural conditions for human life and life.

Indigenous peoples (Nenets, Khanty, Mansi, etc.). Disproportions in the area and in the population of Western Siberia. Scientific centers and future technopolises.

Wealth and diversity of natural resources: mineral, forest, fodder, fur, water, fish. Orientation of the economy to the extraction and processing of its own resources. The oil and gas chemical complex is the basis of the region's economy. Features of its structure and placement. Major Russian oil and gas companies. Pipeline system. The main directions of oil and gas transportation. AIC: development of the territory, agricultural areas and their specialization. The main types of transport. Trans-Siberian Railway, Ob river, Tyumen-Surgut-Yamburg railway. Contemporary Issues and prospects for the development of the leading sectors of the economy. The main geographical focus of economic, social and environmental problems in Western Siberia.

Practical work. Study and assessment of the natural conditions of the West Siberian region for human life and everyday life.

North of Eastern Siberia. The composition of the region. Geographical position to the east of the Yenisei. The role of the Lena River and the Northern Sea Route. Seas: Kara, Laptev, East Siberian. Russian explorers of the northern seas.

Variety of tectonic structure and relief. Features of the relief and geological structure of the Central Siberian Plateau. Mineral resources: ores of non-ferrous and rare metals, diamonds, hard and brown coal, chemical raw materials. Sharply continental climate, temperature inversion, permafrost. Influence of climate and permafrost on the features of the relief, water network and soil and vegetation cover. Forest resources.

Great Siberian rivers: their water content, nutrition, regime, energy and water resources. Taiga is the main natural zone. altitudinal zonality; steppes of basins. Land and agroclimatic resources. APK: features of structure and development in extreme conditions. Hunting objects and hunting grounds. Other fisheries in the region. Major reserves. The discrepancy between natural wealth and human resources, ways to solve it. Indigenous peoples, features of their life and way of life, problems.

Historical features of settlement by Russians. Jails. Discovery of copper-nickel-cobalt province. Foundation of Norilsk.

The fuel and energy complex is the basis of the economy of the territory. Angara-Yenisei HPP cascade. Development of energy-intensive industries: non-ferrous metallurgy and pulp and paper industry, main centers and development prospects. The role of the conversion of military-industrial complex enterprises in the economy of the region. Prospects for the development of industry.

Features of construction in permafrost conditions. Ecological problems of the region.

Yakut diamonds, the city of Mirny.

Prospects for the transport development of the region. Amur-Yakutsk highway. Water and air transport. The influence of transport routes on the distribution of the population. The largest cultural, historical, industrial, transport centers.

Natural and economic regions: Putorana and the Central Siberian Plateau. The main economic, social and ecological problems district.

Practical work. 1. Compilation of the characteristics of the Norilsk industrial hub (geographical location, natural conditions and resources, a set of industries and their interconnection, industrial centers). 2. Assessment of the peculiarities of the nature of the region from the standpoint of human living conditions in countryside and city.

Southern Siberia. The composition of the region. Geographical position: in the mountains of Southern Siberia, along the Trans-Siberian Railway. Transport links with border states: China, Mongolia and Kazakhstan. Communication with the North along the Yenisei and Lena. BAM

Mountain systems of Southern Siberia. Folded-blocky mountains: Altai, Salair ridge, Kuznetsk Alatau, Sayans. Mountains of the Baikal and Transbaikalia.

Upper reaches of large Siberian rivers: Ob, Yenisei, Lena, Amur. Hydropower significance of rivers. Features and problems of Baikal.

Sharply continental climate. "Cold Pole" of the Northern Hemisphere. temperature inversions. Permafrost.

Natural resources: mineral, forest.

Internal differences: Kuznetsk-Altai, Angara-Yenisei, Trans-Baikal subdistricts.

Kuznetsk-Altai subdistrict. Stages of settlement and development. Creation of the Trans-Siberian Railway. Kuzbass, its problems. Novosibirsk - science Center.

Angara-Yenisei subdistrict. Kansk-Achinsk basin. Hydro resources. Formation of the Angaro-Yenisei thermal power plants and TPK. Territory settlement. Migration and problems of labor resources. Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk, closed defense centers. Problems of development of the subdistrict.

Zabaikalsky subdistrict. Mountain systems, earthquakes, Baikal rift zone. Natural resources: non-ferrous and rare earth metals, coal. Buryatia (Ulan-Ude), Chita region. Prospects for the development of the BAM zone.

The main economic, social and environmental problems of the region.

Practical work. Compilation of a comparative characteristic of the subregions of Southern Siberia.

Far East. The composition of the region. Features of the geographical and geopolitical position: strong meridional elongation, the presence of mainland, peninsular and island parts.

Stages of development of the territory, Russian explorers in the 17th century, the establishment of Russian-Chinese and Russian-Japanese borders.

Geological youth of the territory. Mountain predominance. Tectonic mobility of the territory: frequent earthquakes and volcanism, seaquakes, tsunamis. Valley of geysers, thermal springs. Strip of the Pacific metallogenic belt: deposits of non-ferrous, rare and precious metals. The region's area of ​​specialization is the extraction and enrichment of non-ferrous metal ores. Oil and gas fields on Sakhalin and offshore.

Mismatch between area and population. The uneven distribution of the population. Relative youth of the population. Migration, the need for labor resources. Indigenous peoples: way of life, culture, traditions, problems.

Monsoon climate of the Pacific coast. Climatic contrasts of north and south. Large density and full flow of the river network. Floods and floods. Hydro resources and hydroelectric power stations. The influence of the coastal position on the displacement of boundaries natural areas to the south. plant gigantism. Characteristics of the tundra and forest zone. The Ussuri taiga is a unique natural complex. Logging and pulp and paper production. The wealth of the seas of the Pacific Ocean bioresources. Salmon fish. Fish processing complex. Prospects for development and problems of the ocean economy in the east of the region.

Auxiliary industries: electric power industry, oil refining, ship repair. Branches of the military-industrial complex. Transport network of the Far East. Favorable soil and agro-climatic resources in the south of the territory. Agro-industrial complex. The Far East in the system of the Asia-Pacific region. Integration with Asia-Pacific countries. Problems of free economic zones. Intra-district differences and cities. Vladivostok is a commercial, industrial, cultural and scientific center of the Far East. The main economic, social and environmental problems of the region.

Practical work. 1. Identification on the map of industrial, transport, scientific, business, financial, defense centers of the Far East. 2. Educational discussion: free economic zones of the Far East - problems and development prospects.

Topic 4.Russia in modernworld

Russia and CIS countries. Geography of the states of the new abroad. Assessment of their historical, economic and ethno-cultural ties with Russia. Interrelations of Russia with other countries of the world.

assimilation educational material implemented using the main groups teaching methods and their combinations:

Methods of organization and implementation of educational and cognitive activities: verbal (story, educational lecture, conversation), visual (illustrative and demonstration), practical, problem-search under the guidance of a teacher and independent work of students.

Methods of stimulation and motivation of educational activities: cognitive games, business games.

Methods of control and self-control over the effectiveness of educational activities: individual survey, frontal survey, selective control, written work.

The degree of activity and independence of students increases with the use of explanatory and illustrative, partially search (heuristic), problem presentation, research teaching methods.

The following means of education:

educational and visual aids (tables, posters, maps, etc.),

organizational and pedagogical means (cards, tickets, handouts).

ICT and cabinet resources

Planned results:

Name and (or) show:

the subject of studying the geography of Russia;

main means and methods of obtaining geographic information:

subjects Russian Federation;

border states;

features of the geographical position, the size of the territory, the length of the sea and land borders of Russia;

time zone boundaries:

main geological eras, structures of the earth's crust, seismically dangerous territories;

climate-forming factors, weather features in cyclones and anticyclones;

distribution of the country's rivers by ocean basins;

the main areas of modern glaciation and large glaciers:

zonal soil types, their main properties, examples of land reclamation in different zones and regions;

main types of natural resources and examples of their rational and irrational use;

the most important natural and economic objects of the country, including centers: industrial, transport, scientific and information, financial, trade, recreational, cultural and historical, areas of new development, old industrial and depressed:

peoples, the most common languages, religions;

examples of rational and irrational distribution of production;

objects of the World cultural and natural heritage of Russia (UNESCO list);

areas exposed to natural disasters (droughts, floods, mudflows, earthquakes, etc.);

ecologically disadvantaged regions of Russia:

routes and territories of the discoverers and explorers of the territory of Russia.

2. Determine (measure):

geographical location of objects;

the difference in zone time of the territories;

weather according to the synoptic map;

parameters of natural and socio-economic objects and phenomena according to various sources of information.

3. Describe:

geographical position of the country, individual regions and geographical objects, its types (economic-geographical, geopolitical, etc.);

images of natural and economic objects, including one of the areas of new industrial, agricultural, urban, transport or recreational construction;

features of life and religion of individual peoples.

4. Explain:

the role of geographical knowledge in solving socio-economic and environmental problems

• the influence of geographical location on the characteristics of nature, economy and life of the population of Russia;

  formation and placement of landforms, patterns of placement of the largest mineral deposits;

  the formation of atmospheric fronts, cyclones and anticyclones, their influence on the state of the weather, the formation of smog;

  the impact of climate on life, life, economic activity of a person;

  how to make a weather forecast;

  distribution of permafrost, its impact on the state of natural complexes and human development of the territory;

  soil-forming processes, features of flora and fauna of natural zones;

  causes of hazardous natural phenomena, their distribution in the country;

  diversity of natural complexes in the country;

  differences in the natural increase of the population, the rate of its growth and the level of urbanization of certain territories, the directions of migration, the formation and development of various forms of urban and rural settlement;

  change in the proportions between spheres, sectors, intersectoral complexes and branches in the structure of the economy, features of the location of the main sectors of the economy and the main specialization of areas, factors and conditions for the location of enterprises;

  features of nature, population, economy of individual regions, differences in the levels of their socio-economic development;

  the role of the geographical factor in the development of human society on the example of the Russian Federation;

  uniqueness and universal value of monuments of nature and culture;

  causes of changes in the natural and economic complexes of the regions;

  features of tools, means of transportation, dwellings, types of economic activity that arose as a result of human adaptation to the environment in different geographical conditions;

  explain the causes of geographical phenomena based on the application of the concepts: "geological chronology"; "cyclone", "anticyclone", "solar radiation", "evaporation", "volatility"; "reclamation": "agglomeration"; "megalopolis"; "labor resources"; "concentration"; "specialization"; "cooperation"; "combination"; "fuel and energy balance"; "intensive" and "extensive" ways of economic development.

Evaluate and predict:

natural resource potential of the country, region;

ecological situation in the country, region

changes in natural and socio-economic objects under the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors;

changes in the population, changes in the ratio of urban and rural population, development of the system of urban settlements;

development and problems of the economy of the regions of the country, their region and their locality

Mandatory practical work to be completed in the course “Geography of Russia. Nature, population, economy»

8th grade

"Comparative characteristics of GPs of Russia, the USA and Canada". Designation on the contour map of the countries - Russia's neighbors.

"Definition of zone time for different populated cities of Russia"

"Analysis of the administrative-territorial division of Russia"

"Identification of the relationship between the structure of the earth's crust, relief and minerals"

"Drafting a Climate Map Layout Based on Given Values"

"Assessment of the climate of the Russian region as a factor in the economy and living conditions of people"

"Comparative characteristics of the rivers of the European and Asian parts of the country"

"Determination of the relationship between land waters, relief and climate"

"Assessment of the availability of water resources in the country's territories"

"Characteristics of the soil resources of your area"

“Characteristics of natural and economic zones. Relationships and interdependence of the components of nature and life and human economic activity on the example of one of the natural and economic zones.

"Comparative characteristics of the age and sex composition of the population of Russian regions"

"Characteristics of the features of the movement of the population of Russia"

Grade 9

"Analysis economic maps to determine the types of territorial structure of the economy "

"Comparison of the natural resource potential of various regions of Russia"

"Compilation of the characteristics of one of the oil basins according to maps and statistical materials"

"Compilation of the characteristics of one of the coal basins according to maps and statistical materials"

"Identification of the main areas for the location of industries of labor-intensive and metal-intensive engineering using maps"

"Determination by maps and ecological and climatic indicators of areas for growing grain and industrial crops"

"Identification of the main livestock areas"

“Designation on the contour map of natural, geographical regions, subjects of the Russian Federation. Comparing them according to various indicators (territory size, borders, population, etc.)

"Complex characteristics of the economic region on the example of the Urals"

"Identification and analysis of conditions for the development of the economy of the regions of the region"

"Comparison of GP areas and its impact on nature, people's lives and economy"

"Identification of the level of socio-economic development of Russia and Russia's place in the world based on the analysis of various sources of information"

Criteria and norms for assessing students' knowledge:

Oral response.

Rating "5"set if the student:

Shows deep and complete knowledge and understanding of the entire volume of program material; full understanding of the essence of the considered concepts, phenomena and patterns, theories, relationships;

Able to compose a complete and correct answer based on the studied material; highlight the main provisions, independently confirm the answer with specific examples, facts; to independently and reasonably make analysis, generalizations, conclusions. Establish interdisciplinary (based on previously acquired knowledge) and intradisciplinary connections, creatively apply the acquired knowledge in an unfamiliar situation. Consistently, clearly, coherently, reasonably and accurately present the educational material; give an answer in a logical sequence using accepted terminology; draw your own conclusions; to formulate an exact definition and interpretation of the basic concepts, laws, theories; when answering, do not repeat verbatim the text of the textbook; present the material in literary language; correctly and thoroughly answer additional questions of the teacher. Independently and rationally use visual aids, reference materials, textbook, additional literature, primary sources; apply a system of conventions when maintaining records accompanying the answer; use to prove conclusions from observations and experiments;

Independently, confidently and accurately applies the acquired knowledge in solving problems at a creative level; allows no more than one defect, which is easily corrected at the request of the teacher; has the necessary skills to work with instruments, drawings, diagrams and graphs accompanying the answer; the records accompanying the response meet the requirements

good knowledge of the map and its use, the correct solution of geographical problems.

Rated "4" placed if the student:

Shows knowledge of all studied program material. Gives a complete and correct answer based on the theories studied; minor errors and shortcomings in the reproduction of the studied material, definitions of concepts gave incomplete, slight inaccuracies in the use of scientific terms or in conclusions and generalizations from observations and experiments; the material is presented in a certain logical sequence, while making one minor mistake or no more than two shortcomings and can correct them independently upon request or with a little help from the teacher; basically mastered the educational material; supports the answer with concrete examples; answers the teacher's questions correctly.

Able to independently highlight the main provisions in the studied material; on the basis of facts and examples, generalize, draw conclusions, establish intra-subject relationships. Apply the acquired knowledge in practice in a modified situation, observe the basic rules of culture oral speech and accompanying writing, use scientific terms;

Basically, definitions of concepts are correctly given and scientific terms are used;

The answer is independent;

The presence of inaccuracies in the presentation of geographical material;

Definitions of concepts are incomplete, minor violations of the sequence of presentation, minor inaccuracies in the use of scientific terms or in conclusions and generalizations;

Coherent and consistent presentation; with the help of leading questions of the teacher, the gaps made are filled;

The presence of specific ideas and elementary real concepts of the studied geographical phenomena;

Understanding of the main geographic relationships;

Map knowledge and ability to use it;

Minor errors were made in solving geographic problems.

Grade "3" placed if the student:

Has mastered the main content of the educational material, has gaps in the assimilation of the material that do not prevent further assimilation of the program material;

The material is presented in fragments, not always consistently;

Shows the insufficiency of individual knowledge and skills; He weakly argues conclusions and generalizations, makes mistakes in them.

Made mistakes and inaccuracies in the use of scientific terminology, gave definitions of concepts that were not clear enough;

Did not use conclusions and generalizations from observations, facts, experiments as evidence, or made mistakes in their presentation;

Has difficulty applying the knowledge necessary to solve problems of various types, explaining specific phenomena on the basis of theories and laws, or confirming specific examples practical application theories;

Incompletely answers the teacher's questions (missing the main one), or reproduces the content of the text of the textbook, but does not sufficiently understand certain provisions that are important in this text;

Detects insufficient understanding of certain provisions when reproducing the text of the textbook (records, primary sources) or answers incompletely to the teacher's questions, making one or two gross errors.

Poor knowledge of geographical nomenclature, lack of practical skills in the field of geography (inability to use a compass, scale, etc.);

Geographical representations are scarce, formalistic knowledge prevails;

Knowledge of the map is insufficient, the display on it is inconsistent;

Only with the help of leading questions does the student catch the geographical connections.

Grade "2" placed if the student:

Did not learn and did not disclose the main content of the material;

Does not draw conclusions or generalizations.

Does not know and does not understand a significant or major part of the program material within the limits of the questions posed;

Has poorly formed and incomplete knowledge and does not know how to apply it to solving specific issues and tasks according to the model;

When answering (on one question), he makes more than two gross mistakes that he cannot correct even with the help of a teacher.

There are gross errors in the use of the map.

A score of "1" is given if the student:

Cannot answer any of the questions asked;

Completely misunderstood the material .

Note. At the end of the student's oral answer, the teacher gives a brief analysis of the answer, and a motivated assessment is announced. It is possible to involve other students to analyze the answer, introspection, offer evaluation.

Evaluation of the quality of practical and independent work in geography.

Mark "5"

Practical or independent work was completed in full in compliance with the required sequence. The students worked completely independently: they selected the sources of knowledge necessary for the implementation of the proposed work, showed the theoretical knowledge, practical skills and abilities necessary for carrying out practical and independent work.

The work is framed neatly, in an optimal form for fixing the results.

The form of fixing materials can be proposed by the teacher or chosen by the students themselves.

Mark "4"

Practical or independent work is performed by students in full and independently.

A deviation from the required sequence of execution is allowed, which does not affect the correctness of the final result (rearrangement of the points of the standard plan when characterizing individual territories or countries, etc.).

The sources of knowledge indicated by the teacher were used, including the pages of the atlas, tables from the appendix to the textbook, pages from statistical collections. The work showed knowledge of the basic theoretical material and mastery of the skills necessary for independent work.

Inaccuracies and negligence in the presentation of the results of the work are allowed.

Mark "3"

Practical work is done and framed by students with the help of a teacher or well-prepared and already completed excellently this work students. A lot of time was spent on the work (you can give the opportunity to finish the work at home). The students showed knowledge of the theoretical material, but experienced difficulties in independent work with atlas maps, statistical materials, and geographical tools.

Mark "2"

Exhibited in the case when students were not prepared to perform this work. The results obtained do not allow us to draw correct conclusions and are completely at odds with the goal. Poor knowledge of theoretical material and lack of necessary skills were found. Guidance and assistance from the teacher and well-prepared students is ineffective because of the poor preparation of the student.

8th grade

Textbook “Geography. Russia: nature, population, economy. 8th grade". V.P. Dronov, L.E. Saveliev. Moscow, Enlightenment, 2009.

Exercise book “Geography. Russia: nature, population, economy. 8th grade". E.Yu. Mishnyaeva, N.V. Olkhovaya, S.V. Bannikov. Moscow, Enlightenment, 2011

Notebook-examiner “Geography. Russia: nature, population, economy. 8th grade". V.V. Drums. Moscow, Prosveshchenie, 2010.

Illustrated atlas “Geography. Russia: nature, population, economy. 8-9 grade. V.P. Dronov. Moscow, Prosveshchenie, 2010.

Contour maps “Geography. Russia: nature, population, economy. 8th grade". O.G. Kotlyar. Moscow, Prosveshchenie, 2010.

Lesson thematic planning “Geography. Russia: nature, population, economy. 8th grade". Author-compiler: N.V. Tarasov / edited by V.P. Dronova. Moscow, Enlightenment, 2009.

Grade 9

Textbook “Geography. Russia: Nature. Population. Economy” V.P. Dronov, L.E. Saveliev. Moscow, Prosveshchenie, 2010.

Exercise book “Geography. Russia: Nature. Population. Economy” E.S. Khodova, N.V. Alder. Moscow, Prosveshchenie, 2010.

Notebook-examiner “Geography. Russia: Nature. Population. Economy” V.V. Drums. Moscow, Prosveshchenie, 2010.

Illustrated atlas “Geography. Russia: Nature. Population. Economy. Grade 8-9 "V.P. Dronov. Moscow, Education, 2006.

Contour maps “Geography. Russia: Nature. Population. Economy. Grade 9 "Moscow, Enlightenment, 2010.

Lesson thematic planning “Geography. Russia: Nature. Population. Economy. Grade 9 "N.V. Alder. Moscow, Prosveshchenie, 2010.

Geography. Navigator. Materials to help the teacher. 6-9 grades. Teacher's Guide educational institutions. Edited by V.P. Dronova. Moscow, Enlightenment, 2009

Additional literature:

1. Dronov V.P. geography. Russia: nature, population, economy. Grade 8: textbook for general education. institutions / V.P. Dronov, L.E. Savelyeva; Ros. acad. Sciences, Ros. acad. education, publishing house "Enlightenment". – M.: Enlightenment, 2008. – 159 p. (Spheres)

Digital educational resources:

1. Great Encyclopedia of Cyril and Methodius.

2. Geography of Russia. nature and population. Multimedia textbook on geography for grade 8. Authors: Dronov V.P., Savelieva L.E., Pyatunin V.B.

3. Geography lessons of Cyril and Methodius.

4. Great Encyclopedia of Russia. Nature and geography of Russia.

Internet resources:

1. - section "Geography" in the encyclopedia Wikipedia (the free encyclopedia).

Geography Russia: Nature, population, economy. 8 Class. - M.: Bustard, 2010. 2. Sirotin V.I. Geography Russia. 8 Class. Working notebook with a set of contour maps. – M.: Bustard, 2011. 3. Geography Russia. 8 cl...

"Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug" - Camp of the Nenets. Settlement of the district. geographical terms. Uralic language family. Types of economic activity of the Khanty. High level development of reindeer husbandry. Khanty dwelling. Economy. Use different sources of geographic information. To acquaint students with the history of the development and study of the territory of the YNAO. Samoyeds. Selkups. Basic knowledge. Selkup settlements. South Siberian forest-steppe.

"Red Book of the Omsk Region" - Pink Pelican. Sculpin. Mole. Mole Altai. Red Book of the Omsk Region. Red Data Book of the Russian Federation. Sections of the Red Book of the Russian Federation. Nelma. Eared hedgehog. Black-throated loon. History of the Red Book. Strengthening the independence of local authorities. The Red Data Books have not been published in all regions of Russia. Siberian sturgeon. The need to protect rare biological species. Curly pelican.

"Ecology of Yugra" - Surface waters. Population. System of program events. Strategic Goals environmental policy. atmospheric air. Department of Ecology of the Autonomous Okrug. Environmental Policy of the Government of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug. State environment in Surgut. Scheme of MSW movement. Ensuring coordination and interaction. Disposal of solid household waste. Measures of the Yugra Government.

"Development of Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug" - Deductions from oil and gas companies. Tax burden. Dynamics of world oil prices. Dependence of economic development. The main results of the implementation. Participation oil companies. Main trends. base sector. internal conditions. Optimization of the tax and tariff burden. Scenarios of socio-economic development of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug. migratory mobility. Reducing the share of the population.

"Red Book of Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug" - Mushrooms. Regional Red Books. Taimen. Saprotrophic fungi. Fishes. Beaver. Acquaintance with the Red Data Book of Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug. Gray crane. Tugun. Species of mammals and birds. Lynx. Perch. The study of avifauna. Red Book. Reindeer range. Nelma. Forests.

"Geography of Western Siberia" - Western Siberia. Climate. Forest-steppe and steppe zones. Geographical position. Siberia is generous and rich to everyone. Inland waters. Tundra, which occupies the northernmost part of the Tyumen region. About 80% of the area of ​​Western Siberia is located within the West Siberian Plain. The forest zone of the West Siberian Plain is divided into subzones. Stone berry. At the base of the territory lies a young platform. Neither yar, nor fall.

The state of the natural environment in Russia has an adverse (favorable) impact on health, living and labor activity population. The zoning of the territory was carried out according to the degree of manifestation of the main natural factors - cold, heat, moisture, altitude, natural phenomena.

Zonal factors (indicators): astronomical (length of day and night); radiation (ultraviolet deficiency-redundancy); cold (the sum of negative air temperatures, the duration of the period with temperatures below -30 ° C, the duration of the heating period); permafrost (thickness of the seasonally thawed layer); thermal (duration of the frost-free period, the sum of temperatures for the period with stable temperatures above +10°С); humidity of the territory (vegetation index); wind (Hill wet wind chill index); variability (standard deviation of daily pressure values).

Azonal factors (indicators): mountainous (locality); swampiness (relative swampiness of territories); natural phenomena (, floods,).

The natural living conditions of the population are characterized by quantitative integral assessment(in the form of points). The given gradations of points reflect the change in the degree of unfavorability (favorability) of natural conditions for life.

Extreme climatic conditions

Climate extremes - the most important factor living conditions of people, since they create the prerequisites for the emergence of emergency situations. The readiness of society to reduce their consequences depends on the knowledge of combinations of possible climatic extremes in a given area. Extremely high or low, strong wind, heavy precipitation are chosen as the main indicators. Territories with maximum ones (the maximum per season water equivalent on average long-term exceeds 200 mm) are identified, which are also a factor contributing to the occurrence of dangerous climatic and hydrological phenomena. The proposed zoning is based on combinations of extremes observed in one or another territory, without taking into account their coincidence or mismatch in time.

Extremely high temperatures threaten with stressful thermal loads on the human body, which cannot be removed even by a full range of hygienic and urban planning measures (clothing, territory planning, irrigation, landscaping, etc.). During periods of high temperatures, in the conditions of Russia, usually accompanied by a lack of precipitation, there is a threat of droughts, as well as vegetation (forest, peat, steppe) and other fires. As a criterion for high temperatures for zoning, the average long-term number of days per year (equal to or more than 5 days) with a maximum temperature greater than or equal to +30°C was chosen. Extremely high summer temperatures are observed in more than a third of the territory of Russia (33.5%).

Extremely low temperatures threaten people with frostbite in the open air, disrupt building maintenance systems and equipment operating conditions, and lead to deep freezing of the soil. The criterion of extremely low temperatures is the average (approximately with a probability of 1 time in 2 years) of the annual absolute minimum temperatures (-40°C) and below. Territories with extremely low temperatures in winter cover about three-quarters of the country's territory (74.3%).

Extremely intense precipitation threatens with hardly predictable rain floods on rivers, flooding of urban areas due to overflow of drainage systems, flooding leading to the death of plants and soil erosion, erosion of roads, landslides, and torrential mudflows. As a criterion for zoning, the probability of occurrence of precipitation equal to or exceeding 50 mm / day is taken not less than 1 time in 10 years. Extreme precipitation is observed in one fifth of the country (22.1%).

An extremely strong wind threatens to disrupt communications (power lines, etc.), rip off the roofs of buildings, uproot trees, dangerous storms on the water, etc. Such a wind enhances the effect of cold on the human body and dries up the soil during hot dry winds. Particularly strong winds occur when passing through intense convective clouds on cold fronts over a warm surface. Wind squalls and hurricanes can be accompanied by loss of life. As a criterion for zoning, the probability of registering, in one of the meteorological periods of observation, wind speeds of 20 m/s and higher at least once every 10 years was chosen. Extremely strong winds are observed in almost half of the country (47.9%).

The diversity of Russia's natural conditions determines the existence of 50 geographical regions on its territory, where all 16 possible combinations of four types of extremes are found (one, two, three, or all four, including their complete absence). Areas that are homogeneous in terms of the set of climatic extremes are identified at a considerable distance from each other and often differ in average climatic characteristics. The selected areas are heterogeneous in size - from covering several million square kilometers to areas of the first tens of thousands of square kilometers or less.

Zoning of the territory of the North of Russia

The life of the population of the North of Russia is affected by many adverse factors of a natural, biomedical and socio-economic nature. According to their significance for a person, the most important is the natural and climatic discomfort, which reflects the adverse impact of the natural environment on human health, his living and work.
The North of Russia includes the subpolar territory with increasing natural and climatic discomfort with latitude. The indicators of the natural and climatic factor worsen in the direction from the threshold (northern) values ​​at the southern border of the territory to high latitudes. The set of threshold indicators form the southern border of the North. The criterion for determining the threshold northern indicators are zonal landscapes according to the classification of A.G. Isachenko, in which a period with uncomfortable living conditions prevails during the year.

The landscape approach is also used to differentiate the territory of the North of Russia into zones of natural and climatic discomfort. Absolutely uncomfortable zone includes arctic, mountainous and northern landscapes. Forest-tundra, northern taiga, middle taiga East Siberian, mountain landscapes in the middle taiga represent an extremely uncomfortable zone. And, finally, the northern part of the central taiga East European and West Siberian, southern taiga Central Siberian, mountainous landscapes in the southern taiga of Eastern Siberia form an uncomfortable zone of the North.

The absolutely uncomfortable zone is characterized by the polar night, a period with ultraviolet deficiency of about 6–7 months, a sum of negative temperatures from 1400 to 7000 ° C, a period with temperatures below -30 ° C from 5 to 170 days, a period with air temperatures below 5 ° C - more than 300 days, the spread of a continuous zone in the Asian part of the zone and a discontinuous one in the European part and its weak thawing, the highest Bodman weather severity index (more than 5 points).

In the extremely uncomfortable zone, the length of the day in early January is less than 3 hours. The period with ultraviolet deficiency is reduced to 5-6 months. The sum of negative temperatures increases in the western part of the zone to 1600°C and decreases to 5100°C. The period with temperatures below -30°C ranges from 5 to 130 days. The period with air temperature below 5°C is reduced to 265-300 days. Insular permafrost occurs in the European part of the zone, and discontinuous permafrost occurs in the Asian part. The thickness of the seasonally thawed layer increases to 1 m. The Bodman index ranges from 4 to 5 points.

In the uncomfortable zone, the length of the day increases in early January to 4–5 hours. The period with ultraviolet deficiency is reduced to 4–5 months. The sum of negative temperatures decreases in the western part of the zone to 1000°C, and in Eastern Siberia to 3800°C. The period with temperatures below -30°C is from 5 to 90 days. The period with air temperature below 5°С is reduced to 245–265 days. Insular permafrost prevails in the Asian part of the zone. The thickness of the seasonally thawed layer reaches 1–2 m. The Bodman index lies in the range of 3.5–4.0 points.