Traditional oil production. The mechanized method of oil production is pumping. Change in the balance of power

Shale oil production has made a real revolution in, moreover, today they confidently say that traditional oil production has found a serious rival in the form of. Nevertheless, traditional oil production remains the leader in the world and is improving every year.

Oil is a mineral that is formed from organic remains and traces of the geological formation in which the resource was mined.

The classification of oil is carried out according to the percentage composition and content of hydrocarbons in it. There are two ways to extract oil:

• extracted with the help of a fountain;
• mined using horizontal drilling and water hammering.

Oil is extracted through a well, which must first be drilled. They are engaged in drilling, which are often called oil rigs, although they have little to do with oil production.

When the drilling of one well is completed, the rig moves to another location and drills a new well. The drilling process can take up to three months. The finished well is being cased steel pipes from the inside so that the rock does not fill up the well.

The length of the well can reach three kilometers, and its typical diameter is 14.6 cm. The bottom of the well is called the bottomhole. If any tool happens to be at the bottom of the hole, it is almost impossible to extract it from there and the well may become unsuitable for production.

Oil well - construction

The space outside the casing string is filled with cement so that the layers do not communicate with each other and water does not circulate between them.

The cement sheath can fail over time, leading to behind-the-casing rock circulation. In this case, water or gas enters the well, often in much larger volumes than the desired resource.

To get the resource to the bottom of the bottomhole, perforation is carried out - small holes are made in the cement ring and the casing string. Thus, the well consists of:

• cement ring;
• casing string;
• Downhole.

The bottomhole must be below the oil reservoir.

There are only two main extraction methods. One is used more often for the production of conventional oil, while the second is used for the production of shale oil in the United States.

On the surface. The rock is fed up, then processed and divided into fractions - this is a technology for extracting shale oil from new wells.

At a depth. If the rock lies in deep layers, such oil production is carried out by drilling horizontal wells, where water is supplied under high pressure.

Oil extraction methods

In the implementation of production through horizontal drilling, water hammer leads to rupture of layers, from the cracks of which the required resource is extracted and fed to the surface.

It is worth saying that hydraulic fracturing technology has its own dangers. They consist in subsidence of soils, seismic tremors, as well as ingress into groundwater and underground rivers of production waste. However, the second method is the most common at the moment.

Innovative Methods

Oil production, like other modern segments of the industry, does not stand still. Improvement in oil exploration and production technology has initiated a number of innovations in the field of oil and gas production.

These technologies have made mining and exploration more efficient, environmentally friendly and productive.

seismic exploration

3D seismic technologies allow the analysis of rock density data, combining traditional seismic imaging with the analytical capabilities of computers, resulting in a three-dimensional model of the underground layer.

4D seismic surveys allow:

• supplement the obtained data by changing the characteristics in dynamics;
• identify deposits;
• reduce the number of dry wells.

coiled tubing

Coiled tubing technologies are considered the most dynamic in the world of innovative solutions. oil industry. This oil and gas production technology is based on the use of sleeveless pipes during drilling and production.

For this, metallurgical industries produce special flexible metal pipes, design downhole and surface equipment, and also develop software to process the received information.

The use of coiled tubing makes the oil and gas production process safer, reduces the amount of production waste and time costs compared to classical methods.

Telemetry systems

These are telemetry systems that are designed to measure drilling performance and transmit the data to the surface. This information allows you to monitor the process of drilling and production every minute, which eliminates errors and accidents in the process. In addition, the telemetric system makes it possible to compile a geological description of the properties of the resulting rock.

This is a technology in the implementation of which drilling occurs at great depths of water. To date, this technology is considered quite safe and allows the development of deposits in waters of more than three kilometers.

The technology allows:

• improve offshore drilling rigs;
• develop dynamic positioning devices;
• create complex navigation systems.

HF-Sand-CO 2

Mining operations have been using hydraulic fracturing for almost fifty years, which has resulted in increased recovery and flow rates from underground formations.

Improved technology, which also includes the use of sand and carbon dioxide, chemicals and proppants, began to be used somewhat later. Such mixtures lead to the appearance and rapid expansion of cracks in rock layers, through which oil and gas are then freely produced.

Carbon dioxide from the liquid phase soon evaporates and only sand remains, unless non-volatile chemicals and substances that can remain after the hydraulic fracturing process in the rock formations have been used.

If such residues exist and cover the gas layer, they must be eliminated so that underground explosions and seismic tremors do not occur.

Applications and objectives of hydraulic fracturing

It is believed that this technology is an ideal way of modern oil and gas production, as it increases the volume of extracted resources, while not harming the environment, because it does not leave production waste underground.

Conclusion

Innovations in the extraction and processing of natural rocks, as well as the technical part and processing of the obtained resources should lead to an increase in the volume of mined rocks. But at the same time, responding to the general trend of saving nature and the environment, modern oil production should be aimed at minimizing waste and harm to the environment.

2017: 546 million tons (-0.2%). List of largest mining companies

2015: New production record

The absolute maximum production in the USSR was shown in 1988 at the level of 11.07 million barrels per day. Then, in addition to the RSFSR, such republics as the Kazakh SSR, the Azerbaijan SSR, the Turkmen SSR and the Uzbek SSR also made a significant contribution to production.

In September 2015, Russia set a new oil production record for the post-Soviet period - the level of production, according to the Ministry of Energy of the Russian Federation, amounted to 10.74 million barrels per day. This is 0.4% (30 thousand barrels per day) higher than in August 2015. The previous maximum was shown in March 2015 at the level of 10.71 million barrels per day.

In general, Russia's September oil production figures were the highest for the entire period after the collapse of the USSR.

According to Deutsche Bank experts, cited by the Wall Street Journal, by the end of 2015, Russia is also likely to set a new record for average annual production: according to forecasts, oil production in 2015 will be 10.6 million barrels per day compared to with the former post-Soviet record of 10.58 million barrels per day, which was shown in 2014.

2013: Russia is the largest oil producer in the world

In 2013, Russia was the world's largest oil producer, ahead of Saudi Arabia, its closest competitor, by a million barrels per day.

In 2013, Russia set a new annual record for oil production, surpassing all the industry's best performance since the early 1990s. This was stated by the Minister of Fuel and Energy of Russia Alexander Novak. According to the minister, the volume of production amounted to 523.2 million tons, which is 4.5 million more than in 2012.

Novak noted that according to the forecast of the socio-economic development of the country, he assumed the volume of oil production at the level of 505-510 million tons. He added that last year's growth was due, among other things, to amendments to the tax legislation of Russia, which stimulate the extraction of hard-to-recover reserves.

One of the components of this growth was the work of Rosneft at the Vankor field in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, where the company was able to significantly increase production. In addition, Gazprom began to produce more oil raw materials.

Transportation: The Role of Transneft

Oil export

2017: 252 million tons (-0.9%)

Pipelines

Another important export channel is pipelines. They were built for the most part during the Soviet era and now reach the borders of many CIS countries. For half a century now, the Druzhba oil pipeline, which was conceived to transport oil to the countries of the social bloc and now delivers fuel to Germany and Poland. In total, Druzhba helps to send more than 60 million tons of oil to Europe annually.

A new pipeline destination for Transneft in recent years has been China, which receives oil from a branch of the Eastern Siberia-Pacific Ocean pipeline from Skovorodino in the Amur Region. According to the state company itself, the volume of deliveries to China via the pipeline in 2011 was almost the same as the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary combined (more than 15 million tons) buy via Druzhba.

Railway

Oil traders

Russian oil every year is delivered to dozens of countries of the world - from states Western Europe to Japan and True, in most cases, delivery to end consumers is not the concern of the companies themselves. The fact is that when it comes to exporting oil to foreign countries, they prefer to work with traders who buy fuel from them and sell it on the market themselves. This reduces the profitability of the business, but insures the Russians against emergency situations. For example, if an oil refinery that used Russian oil closes somewhere in Europe, then this becomes a headache for the trader, not the manufacturer.

Litasco (Lukoil)

The choice between a trader and direct deliveries is relevant for companies that do not have their own traders. So, Rosneft created its trader, registered in Switzerland, only in 2011, but Lukoil has been working through its wholly-owned subsidiary Litasco for more than ten years (January 2013). At the same time, Litasco's trade volumes are not limited to Lukoil's oil and oil products: according to the company's official data, in 2011 it purchased 20 million tons of oil and 37 million tons of oil products "on the side".

Sunimex (Sergey Kishilov)

It is even more difficult to obtain information about traders independent of mining companies. Even companies traded on the stock exchange should not officially publish the structure of export deliveries. In turn, the traders themselves are also in no hurry to make any reporting available. For example, trader Sunimex has a leading position in the supply of Russian oil via the Druzhba pipeline to Germany, but the details of his business remain in the shadows. The only thing that can be said for sure about Sunimex is that it is run by businessman Sergei Kishilov.

Gunvor (Gennady Timchenko)

Until recently, even the largest trader of Russian oil entering the ports - the company Gunvor (Gunvor) - reports on the results of its activities only when it needs it and only in those volumes that it considers sufficient. It is known that Gunvor's sales in 2010 amounted to 104 million tons of oil equivalent, but it is not clear what Russia's share in them is.

The data for 2010 poorly reflect the current state of affairs also because the situation on the market has changed a lot. If earlier the main export volumes of oil from Rosneft, Surgutneftegaz, TNK-BP were sold by the company Gennady Timchenko, then in 2012 it unexpectedly lost several tenders in Russia. In September 2012, Reuters reported that Gunvor's trading volumes for the Russian brand of Urals oil fell several times, as its competitors Shell, Vitol and Glencore won the tenders of Rosneft, Surgutneftegaz and TNK-BP.

Gunvor, however, explained that they were not leaving the Russian market, but simply changing the business concept: if earlier the company was interested in long-term contracts, now a trader buys Russian oil on the open market, where sometimes the cost of raw materials is even lower than under long-term contracts. Rosneft, on the other hand, finds it profitable to conclude agreements for several years in advance and receive an advance payment on them. These funds can be used to pay for the shares of TNK-BP and, thus, not to take an expensive loan.

Glencore

Just before the New Year 2013, another blow was dealt to Gunvor: Glencore and Vitol agreed on a long-term contract with Rosneft for 67 million tons of oil. It's raw Russian company undertakes to deliver to traders within five years. In other words, Glencore and Vitol have contracted a fifth of Rosneft's yearly exports through Transneft.

Already in 2013, it became clear that the shares between Glencore and Vitol would be unevenly distributed. According to the same Reuters agency, Glencore will receive up to 70 percent of the total oil, making it one of the largest or even the largest trader of Russian oil.

Will there be new traders

The chances that some new trader will start trading in Russian oil in the near future are small: companies working through their own subsidiaries will try to develop them in the first place, while the rest have been cooperating with current market participants for many years and completely trust them. At the same time, there may be changes in the conditional rating of the largest traders, especially considering that competition will continue to grow, if only due to a reduction in the amount of oil exported.

Direct contracts

Until 2013, Rosneft was engaged in the supply of oil via the Druzhba pipeline to Germany to a joint venture between BP and Rosneft, but from 2013 the value of this company should increase. So, in February 2013, it became known that Rosneft signed a direct contract for the supply to Poland of about six million tons annually. Similar agreements have been signed with Total and Shell, and another one is expected to be signed with Eni in the near future. True, the volumes of purchases of Total, Shell and Eni are not indicated in official reports.

Not only market leaders, but also everyone else is gradually switching to direct contracts. So, the consulting company Argus in January 2013 reported that Tatneft had agreed with the Polish Grupa Lotos on direct deliveries to the Gdansk refinery. True, this information has not been officially confirmed.

Export duty and dependence of the economy on oil

The export duty on oil in 2012 was kept at the level of about $400 per ton of oil. This means that due to exports, the state budget received approximately $84 billion (2.5 trillion rubles) for oil duties to non-CIS countries alone. For comparison, total federal budget revenues (including other export duties and taxes) in 2012 amounted to 12.858 trillion rubles.

At the same time, the Russian economy is much less dependent on oil exports than most of the world's largest oil exporters.

First started in the second half of the nineteenth century, for centuries oil has been extracted by people who lived in different parts of the world where oil seeped to the surface. V Russian Federation the first written mention of obtaining black gold appeared in the sixteenth century.

Travelers described how the tribes living along the banks of the Ukhta River in the north of the Timan-Pechora region collected oil from the surface of the river and used it for medical purposes and as oils and lubricants. Oil collected from the Ukhta River was first brought to Moscow in 1597.

In 1702, Tsar Peter the Great issued a decree establishing the first regular Russian newspaper, Vedomosti. The first newspaper published an article about how oil was discovered on the Sok River in the Volga region, and in later money issues there was an article about oil manifestations in other regions of the Russian Federation.

In 1745, Fyodor Pryadunov received permission to start oil production from the bottom of the Ukhta River. Pryadunov also built a primitive oil refinery and supplied some products to Moscow and St. Petersburg.

Oil manifestations were also observed by numerous travelers in the North Caucasus. Local residents even collected oil using buckets, scooping it out of wells up to one and a half meters deep.

In 1823, the Dubinin brothers opened in Mozdok for oil refining, collected from the nearby Voznesensky oil field.

First oil industry

Oil and gas shows were recorded in Baku, on the western slope of the Caspian Sea, by an Arab traveler and historian as early as the tenth century.

Marco Polo later described how people in Baku used oil for medical purposes and for worship.

In the second half of the nineteenth century, oil fields were also found in other parts of the country. In 1864, a well drilled in the Krasnodar Territory began to flow for the first time.

Four years later, the first oil platform was drilled on the banks of the Ukhta River, and in 1876 commercial production began on the Cheleken Peninsula in what is now Turkmenistan.

Additional tons of black gold went to meet the needs of new factories that were built in the 1930s to 1950s.

The Omsk plant was opened in 1955 and later turned into one of the largest factories oil refinery in the world.

The growth in production allowed the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (CCCP) to increase the export of black gold at a significant pace. Moscow sought to maximize foreign exchange earnings from the export of black gold and actively fought to increase its share in the world market.

In the early 1960s, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (CCCP) displaced it from the second largest oil production in the world. The release of large volumes of cheap Soviet black gold to the market forced many Western oil organizations to reduce the price of oil produced on, thus reducing the cost of subsoil use to the governments of the Middle East. This decrease was one of the reasons for the creation of the Black Gold Producers (OPEC) countries.

Production in the Volga-Ural region peaked at 4.5 million barrels per day in 1975, but has since fallen back by two-thirds of that level. Just as the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (CCCP) was contemplating how it could maintain production levels in the Volga-Urals, the first major discoveries in Western Siberia were made public.

In the early 1960s, the first reserves of this region were explored, the main of which was the supergiant Samotlor field discovered in 1965 with recoverable reserves of about 14 billion barrels (2 billion tons).

The West Siberian Basin is characterized by difficult natural and climatic conditions in which oil was to be extracted, and a vast territory stretching from the permafrost zone in the Arctic Circle to impenetrable peat bogs in the south.

But, despite these difficulties, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (CCCP) was able to increase production in the region at an astronomical rate. The increase in production in Western Siberia predetermined the growth in production in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (CCCP) from 7.6 million barrels (more than a million tons) per day in 1971 to 9.9 million barrels (about 1.4 million tons) per day in 1975 year. By the mid-1970s, production in the Western Siberia region filled the gap created by the decline in production in the Volga-Ural region.

Decline in oil production

After achieving phenomenal production from the fields of the West Siberian Basin, the Soviet oil industry began to show signs of decline. The West Siberian fields were relatively cheap to develop and gave a significant gain due to their size, while the Soviet planners gave priority to maximizing short-term rather than long-term oil recovery.

In the same year, the level of production in Western Siberia reached 8.3 million barrels per day. But from that moment on, a significant drop in production could no longer be avoided due to poor mining technologies, despite a sharp increase in capital investments, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (CCCP) could only contain the decline in production until the beginning of 1990.

But then there was a dip in production, it was as sharp as its growth - the level of production in the Russian Federation fell steadily for a decade and stopped at a level almost half of the initial peak.

The financial difficulties of companies provoked a sharp decline in the volume of new exploration work, drilling volumes and even volumes of overhauls existing wells. As a result, a situation developed that led to a further inevitable decline in production.

The largest oil companies in the world

Let us consider the main characteristics of the raw material base of the oil industry of the constituent entities of Russia. Due to the specifics of the geological conditions, each of these territories has an individual focus on geological exploration and related technical and economic problems.

Oil company Saudi Aramco of Saudi Arabia (12.5 million b/d)

Saudi Aramco - national oil company Saudi Arabia. The largest oil company in the world in terms of oil production and size. Also, according to the newspaper, it is the largest company in the world by business ($781 billion). The headquarters is in Dhahran.

Russian oil company Gazprom (9.7 million b/d)

Russian company controlled by the state. The main part of the produced hydrocarbons is gas, although Gazprom owns almost 100% of the shares of a large one (the former Sibneft). A few years later, the state owns a little more than 50% of Gazprom's shares. However, the real in the company is a group closely associated with the "St. Petersburg" political and business grouping. Gazprom is served by a private, controlled by "Russia" from St. Petersburg, the so-called "bank of friends of Vladimir Putin", construction contracts are carried out by companies of the same group, the country's largest insurance group SOGAZ, which is part of the "perimeter" of Gazprom, belongs to the Rossiya bank

Iranian oil company National Iranian Oil Co. (6.4 million b/d)

Fully state Iranian. V Lately is experiencing sales difficulties due to sanctions imposed on oil exports from Western countries. Nevertheless, Iran successfully cooperates with, and, supplying them with oil in exchange not only for, but also, for example, for gold or.

ExxonMobil (5.3 million b/d)

The largest private oil and gas company in the world with an annual revenue of about $500 billion. Unlike most other oil and gas corporations, it is truly global, operating in dozens of countries around the world. One of the most hated corporations in the world, mainly for being internationally tough and not giving a damn about fashion values ​​- from "green" to "blue".

Russian oil producer Rosneft (4.6 million b/d)

Oil company PetroChina (4.4 million b/d) of China

The state-controlled Chinese oil and gas company is the largest of China's three oil giants. It was once the largest public company in the world, but has since fallen in price. In many ways, it is similar to the Russian Rosneft (connections in the country's leadership, political and economic implementation, etc.), adjusted for scale - the Chinese company is several times larger so far.

British oil company BP (4.1 million b/d)

British "special company" to work with unpleasant regimes. At one time, she managed to work in many "hot spots", bringing her country and shareholders. In recent years, he has been concentrating his efforts on oil production in the United States and in the Russian Federation. After the deal on TNK-BP will become the largest private shareholder of Open joint-stock company Rosneft. The company's controlled oil production will fall by almost a third because of this deal, but cooperation with the Russian oil near-monopoly can bring additional financial income. And there's no need to worry about BP - what's the point of worrying about something that never happened?

Anglo-Dutch global oil corporation Royal Dutch Shell (3.9 million b/d)

Royal Dutch Shell– 3.9 million b/d

The European analogue of ExxonMobil is a completely private Anglo-Dutch global corporation with traditional oil industry ideas about business ethics. Actively works in Africa and in the Russian Federation.

Mexican oil company Pemex (3.6 million b/d)

Pemex(Petróleos Mexicanos) – 3.6 million b/d

Mexican state oil producer with extremely poor management. Despite the presence in the country of one of the largest oil companies in the world, it imports, since the profit from the sale of oil goes not to refining, but to state (including social) programs.

International Oil Corporation Chevron (3.5 million b/d) USA

Malaysian oil company Petronas (1.4 million b/d)

Petronas– 1.4 million b/d

Malaysian state company. Sponsors a lot of motorsports, including Formula 1.

Oil formation

Theories of the origin of oil

First oil production

The date of the first use of oil goes far back to the 70th - 40th century BC. Then oil was used in ancient Egypt, fisheries were carried out on and in the ancient territory. Oil seeped through cracks in the ground, and ancient people collected this interesting, oily substance. It was one of the options for the extraction of "black gold". The other way was more labor intensive. In places where oil seeped in, deep wells were dug, after a while the wells were filled, and people only had to scoop this liquid out there with the help of some kind of container.

To date this method not possible because at shallow depths, this resource was depleted.

The most widely used (more than 100 implementations) are thermal and gas (CO2) tertiary methods. In the first decade of the 21st century, Aramco estimates that about 3 million barrels per day were produced using tertiary methods (of which 2 million were due to thermal methods), which is about 3.5% of the world's oil production.

Oil exploration and production

The familiar silhouette of a pumping unit has become a kind of symbol of the oil industry. But before it's his turn, geologists and oilmen go through a long and difficult journey. And it starts with exploration of deposits.

In nature, oil is located in porous rocks, in which liquid can accumulate and move. Such breeds are called. The most important oil reservoirs are sandstones and fractured rocks. But in order for a fallow to form, the presence of so-called tires is necessary - impermeable rocks that prevent migration. Typically, the reservoir is sloping, so oil and gas seep upwards. If their exit to the surface is prevented by rock folds and other obstacles, traps are formed. The upper part of the trap is sometimes occupied by a layer of gas - a "gas cap".

Thus, in order to discover an oil deposit, it is necessary to find possible traps in which it could accumulate. First, a potentially oil-bearing area was visually examined, having learned to identify the presence of oil by many indirect signs. However, in order for the search to be as successful as possible, it is necessary to be able to “see underground”. This became possible thanks to geophysical research methods. The most effective tool turned out to be, which was designed to register earthquakes. His ability to capture mechanical vibrations came in handy in exploration. Vibrations from explosions of dynamite shells are refracted by underground structures, and by registering them, one can determine the location and shape of underground layers.

Of course, key drilling is an important research method. The core obtained from deep wells is carefully studied layer by layer by geophysical, geochemical, hydrogeological and other methods. For this type of research, wells are drilled up to 7 kilometers deep.

As technology has advanced, new methods have been added to the arsenal of geologists. Aerial photography and space photography provides a wider view of the surface. Analysis of fossil remains from different depths helps to more accurately determine the type and age of sedimentary rocks.

The main trend of modern geological exploration is the minimal impact on environment. As much as possible, they try to assign theoretical predictions and passive modeling. According to indirect signs, today it is possible to trace the entire "kitchen of oil" - where it originated, how it moved, where it is currently located. New methods allow drilling as few exploration wells as possible while improving accuracy.

So, the deposit was found, and it was decided to start its development. Drilling oil wells is a process during which rocks are destroyed, and crushed particles are brought to the surface. It can be percussive or rotational. In percussion drilling, the rock is crushed by heavy impacts of the drilling tool, and the crushed particles are carried out of the well with an aqueous solution. In rotary drilling, cut rock fragments are lifted to the surface with the help of a working fluid circulating in the well. A heavy drill string, rotating, puts pressure on the bit, which destroys the rock. The penetration rate in this case depends on the nature of the rock, and on the quality of the equipment, and on the skill of the driller.

A very important role is played by the drilling fluid, which not only brings rock particles to the surface, but also works as a lubricant and coolant for drilling tools. It also contributes to the formation of a clay cake on the walls of the well. The drilling fluid can be made water or even oil based, and various reagents and additives are often added to it.

In parent reservoirs, it is under pressure, and if this pressure is high enough, when the well is opened, oil begins to naturally flow. Usually, this effect is preserved at the initial stage, and then one has to resort to a mechanized production method - using various kinds of pumps or by introducing compressed gas into the well (this method is called gas lift). To increase the pressure in the reservoir, water is pumped into it, where it acts as a kind of piston. Unfortunately, in Soviet times, this method was abused, trying to get the maximum return as quickly as possible. As a result, after the development of wells, there were still oil-rich, but already too heavily water-flooded reservoirs. Today, simultaneous injection of gas and water is also used to increase reservoir pressure.

The lower the pressure, the more sophisticated technologies are used to extract oil. To measure the efficiency of oil production, an indicator such as “oil recovery factor”, or abbreviated oil recovery factor, is used. It shows the ratio of oil produced to the total reserves of the field. Unfortunately, it is impossible to completely pump out everything that is contained in the bowels, and therefore this figure will always be less than 100%.

The development of technologies is also associated with the deterioration of the quality of available oils and difficult access to deposits. Horizontal wells are used for sub-gas zones and offshore fields. Today, with the help of high-precision instruments, it is possible to get into an area of ​​​​several meters from a distance of several kilometers. Modern technologies make it possible to automate the entire procedure as much as possible. With the help of special sensors operating in the wells, the process is constantly monitored.

At one field, from several tens to several thousand wells are drilled - not only oil wells, but also control and injection wells - for pumping water or gas. To control the movement of liquids and gases, wells are placed in a special way and operated in a special mode - this whole process in the complex is called field development.

After the completion of the exploitation of the field, oil wells are mothballed or liquidated, depending on the degree of use. These measures are necessary in order to ensure the safety of human life and health, as well as to protect the environment.

Everything that comes out of the wells - oil with associated gas, water and other impurities, such as sand - is measured, determining the percentage of water and associated gas. In special gas-oil separators, oil is separated from the gas, and it enters the collection pipeline. From there, the route of oil to the refinery (refinery) begins.

oil refinery

Geology of oil and gas - the basis of the oil industry, part 1

Geology of oil and gas - the basis of the oil industry, part 2

World oil production

V. N. Shchelkachev, analyzing historical data on oil production in his book “Domestic and World Oil Production”, proposed dividing the development of world oil production into two stages:

The first stage - from the very beginning until 1979, when the first relative maximum of oil production was reached (3235 million tons).

The second stage - from 1979 to the present.

It was noted that from 1920 to 1970, world oil production increased not only almost every new year, but also for decades, production grew almost exponentially (almost doubled every 10 years). Since 1979, there has been a slowdown in the growth of world oil production. In the early 1980s, there was even a short-term decline in oil production. In the future, the growth of oil production resumes, but not at such a rapid pace as in the first stage.

Oil production in Russia has been growing steadily since the early 2000s, although recently the growth rate has slowed down, and in 2008 there was even a slight decline. Since 2010, oil production in the Russian Federation has overcome the bar of 500 million tons per year and has been steadily rising above this level.

In 2013, the upward trend in oil production continued. The Russian Federation produced 531.4 million tons of oil, which is 1.3% higher than in 2012.

Geography of oil in Russia

Oil production and refining plays a key role in the development of many regions of the Russian Federation. On the territory of our country, there are several territories that have significant reserves of oil and gas, which are called oil and gas provinces (OGP). These include both traditional production regions: Western Siberia, the Volga region, the North Caucasus, and new oil and gas provinces: in the European North (Timan-Pechora region), in Eastern Siberia and the Far East

Western Siberia, Volga region

The fields of the West Siberian oil and gas province began to be developed in 1964. It includes the territories of the Tyumen, Tomsk, Novosibirsk and Omsk regions, the Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets autonomous regions, as well as the adjacent shelf of the Kara Sea. The largest deposits of this province are Samotlor and Fedorovskoye. The main advantages of production in this region are the favorable structure of explored reserves and the predominance of oil with low sulfur content and other impurities.

Prior to the discovery of deposits in Western Siberia, the Volga region occupied the first place in the Russian Federation in terms of oil production. Due to significant oil reserves, this region was called the "Second Baku". The Volga-Ural oil and gas province includes a number of republics and regions of the Urals, the Middle and Lower Volga regions. Oil has been produced in these regions since the 1920s. Since that time, more than 1,000 fields have been discovered in the territory of the Volga-Ural oil and gas field and more than 6 billion tons of oil have been produced. tons of oil. This is almost half of the total volume produced in Russia. The largest deposit in the Volga-Ural province is Romashkinskoye, discovered in 1948

The North Caucasus region is the oldest and most explored oil and gas province of the Russian Federation, with a history of commercial oil production dating back more than 150 years. This province includes deposits located on the territory of the Stavropol and Krasnodar Territory, Chechen Republic, Rostov region, Ingushetia, Kabardino-Balkaria, North Ossetia and Dagestan. The main fields of this oil and gas province are at a late stage of development, heavily depleted and flooded.

The Republic of Komi and the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug are part of the Timan-Pechora oil and gas province. Purposeful oil exploration and production is carried out here after the discovery in 1930 of the first oil field - Chibyu. A distinctive feature of the Timan-Pechora oil and gas field is the significant predominance of oil over gas. This region is considered promising in terms of hydrocarbon production, given the recently discovered large oil and gas fields in the coastal part Barents Sea

East Siberian oil and gas province

The East Siberian oil and gas province, which has not yet been developed in the proper volume, is the main reserve for the future growth of reserves and ensuring oil and gas production in Russia. Remoteness, sparseness, lack of necessary infrastructure and harsh weather and climate conditions typical for these regions make it difficult to explore and extract oil. However, as deposits in traditional production areas are depleted, the development of the oil industry in Eastern Siberia is becoming a priority for oilmen. A huge role in its solution is assigned to the construction of the Eastern Siberia - Pacific Ocean oil pipeline, which will allow transporting oil produced here to the ports of the Far East. The East Siberian oil and gas province is formed by the Krasnoyarsk Territory, the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) and the Irkutsk Region. The largest deposit is Verkhnechonskoye, discovered in 1978.

The main explored oil and gas reserves of the Far Eastern oil and gas province are concentrated on Sakhalin Island and the adjacent shelf of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk. Despite the fact that oil has been produced here since the 20s of the last century, active development began only 70 years later, after the discovery of large deposits on the northeastern shelf of the island within sea depths of up to 50 meters. Compared to onshore deposits, they are distinguished by their large size, more favorable tectonic structure and higher concentration of reserves. Despite the fact that geologists see significant potential in this region, other territories included in the Far Eastern oil and gas province are still poorly studied.

Stages of oil field development

The development of any oil field consists of four main stages: the increasing level of production, the constant level of oil production, the period of falling oil production and the final period of oil production.

Feature the first period - a gradual increase in oil production volumes, due to the continuous commissioning of production wells from drilling. The method of oil production during this period is free-flowing, there is no water cut. The duration of this stage is 4-6 years and depends on many factors, the main of which is the reservoir pressure, the thickness and number of productive horizons, the properties of productive rocks and the oil itself, the availability of funds for field development, etc. 1 ton of oil during this period is relatively high due to the construction of new wells, field development.

The second stage of development is characterized by the constancy of the level of oil production and the minimum initial cost. During this period, flowing wells are transferred to the mechanized method of production due to the progressive watering of the wells. The fall in oil during this period is restrained by the commissioning of new producing wells of the reserve fund. The duration of the second stage depends on the rate of oil withdrawal from the field, the amount of recoverable oil reserves, the water cut of well production and the possibility of connecting other horizons of the field to development. The end of the second stage is characterized by the fact that the increase in the volume of water injected for reservoir pressure maintenance does not have a significant impact on the volume of oil production and its level begins to decline. Oil water cut at the end of this period can reach 50%. The duration of the period is the shortest.

The third period of development is characterized by a drop in oil production and an increase in formation water production. This stage ends when 80-90% water cut is reached. During this period, all wells are working on mechanized production methods, some wells are taken out of operation due to the maximum water cut. The price without markup of 1 ton of oil during this period begins to increase due to the construction and commissioning of oil dehydration and desalination plants. During this period, the main measures are taken to increase well flow rates. The duration of this period is 4-6 years.

The fourth stage of development is characterized by large volumes of formation water production and small volumes of oil production. The water cut of the products is 90-95% or more. The price without markup of oil production in this period increases to the limits of profitability. This period is the longest and lasts 15-20 years.

In general, it can be concluded that the total duration of the development of any oil field is from the beginning to the final profitability of 40-50 years. The practice of developing oil fields generally confirms this conclusion.

World oil economy

Since oil production has been put on an industrial basis, it has become one of the determining factors of development. The history of the oil industry is a history of constant confrontation and, as well as the struggle for spheres of influence, which led to the most complex contradictions between the global oil industry and international politics

And this is not surprising - after all, oil can be called the foundation of well-being without exaggeration, since it is one of the main factors in the development of modern society. The improvement of technical progress, the development of all areas of industry, the fuel and energy complex, the uninterrupted operation of land, sea and air transport and the degree of comfort of human life.

The main focus of oil fields are such regions of the world as the Persian and Mexican Gulfs, the islands of the Malay Archipelago and New Guinea, western Siberia, northern Alaska and Sakhalin Island. Oil production is produced by 95 countries of the world, while almost 85% is accounted for by the ten largest of all oil-producing states.

Russian oil

The first written mention of the presence of oil in the Russian Federation dates back to the 16th century, when it was discovered off the banks of the Ukhta River, which flows in the northern part of the Timan-Pechora region. Then it was collected from the surface of the river and used as a remedy, and since this substance had oily properties, it was also used for lubrication. In 1702, a message appeared about the discovery of oil in the Volga region, and somewhat later in the North Caucasus. In 1823, the Dubinin brothers, serfs, were given permission to open a small oil refinery in Mozdok. By the middle of the 19th century, oil manifestations were found in Baku and in the western part of the Caspian Sea, and with the advent of the next century, Russia was producing more than 30% of the world's oil production.

At the exploration stage, methods of theoretical forecasting, passive modeling, aerial photography and satellite imagery allow you to determine with a high degree of accuracy where to look for oil, while minimizing the impact on the environment. The principle of minimum impact is applied today in oil production. Horizontal and directional drilling help to extract more oil from a significantly smaller number of wells.

However, in itself, the extraction of oil from the bowels and the injection of water into deposits affect the state of rock masses. Since most deposits are located in zones of tectonic faults and shifts, such impacts can lead to subsidence of the earth's surface and even to earthquakes. Soil subsidence on the shelf can also cause devastating consequences. For example, in the North Sea, in the area of ​​the Ekofisk field, subsidence caused the deformation of wellbores and the offshore platforms themselves. Therefore, it is necessary to carefully study the features of the developed array - the stresses and deformations existing in it.

Spilling oil pollutes the soil and water, and huge efforts and funds are required to eliminate the damage caused to nature. A spill is especially dangerous on the shelf, since oil spreads very quickly over the surface of the sea and, with large emissions, fills the water column, making it uninhabitable. In 1969, in the Santa Barbara Strait, about 6 thousand barrels of oil spilled into the sea while drilling a well - a geological anomaly appeared in the path of the drill. Such catastrophes can be avoided by modern methods of exploration of developed deposits.

As a result of non-compliance with the production technology or unforeseen events (for example, forest fires), the oil in the well may catch fire. Not too large-scale fire can be extinguished with water and foam and close the well with a steel plug. It happens that the place of ignition cannot be approached because of the abundance of fire. Then you have to drill an inclined well, trying to get into a fire in order to block it. In such cases, it can take up to several weeks to extinguish the fire.

I must say that torches do not always serve as a sign of an accident. Oil-producing complexes burn associated gas, which is difficult and economically unprofitable to transport from the field - this requires a special infrastructure. It turns out that it is necessary not only to burn valuable raw materials, but also to emit greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Therefore, the use of associated gas is one of the urgent tasks of the fuel industry. For these purposes, power plants are being built in the fields, operating on associated gas and supplying heat to the oil production complex itself and nearby settlements.

When the development of the well is completed, it must be mothballed. Here, the oil industry faces two challenges: to prevent possible negative impact on the environment and to save the well for the future, until more advanced development technologies are available to take the remaining oil from the reservoir. Unfortunately, in our vast country there are scattered many unconserved wells left over from the times of the USSR. Today, such an attitude to the completion of work in the field is simply impossible. If the well is suitable for further use, it is closed with a strong plug that prevents the contents from escaping to the outside. If it is necessary to completely mothball the deposit, a whole range of works is carried out - the soil is restored, the soil is recultivated, and trees are planted. As a result, the former production site looks like it has never been developed here.

Environmental impact assessment makes it possible to take into account the requirements of environmental safety and prevent possible technogenic risks even at the stage of designing production facilities. Fishing facilities are located in such a way as to reduce the possible negative impact. During the operation of the field, constant attention is needed to compliance with technologies, improvement and timely replacement of equipment, rational use of water, air pollution control, waste disposal, and soil cleansing. Today, the norms of international law and Russian law define strict requirements for environmental protection. Modern oil companies implement special environmental programs and invest funds and resources in environmental protection measures.

Today, the area of ​​areas affected by human impact from oil production is one-fourth of what it was thirty years ago. This is due to advances in technology and the use modern methods horizontal drilling, mobile drilling rigs and small diameter wells.

One of the first man-made earthquakes associated with oil production occurred in 1939 at the Wilmington field in California. It was the start of a cycle of natural disasters that destroyed buildings, roads, bridges, oil wells and pipelines. The problem was solved by pumping water into the oil reservoir. But this method is far from a panacea. Water pumped into deep layers can affect the temperature regime of the massif and become one of the causes of an earthquake.

Old fixed drilling platforms can be turned into artificial reefs that will become a "home" for fish and other marine life. To do this, the platforms are flooded, and after some time, ranging from six months to a year, they are overgrown with shells, sponges and corals, turning into a harmonious element of the sea landscape.

Sources and links

en.wikipedia.org - a resource with articles on many topics, the free encyclopedia Wikipedia

vseonefti.ru - all about oil

forexaw.com - information and analytical portal for financial markets

Ru - the largest search engine in the world

video.google.com - search for videos on the Internet using Google Inc.

translate.google.ru - translator from the search engine Google Inc.

maps.google.ru - maps from Google to search for places described in the material

Ru - the largest search engine in the Russian Federation

wordstat.yandex.ru - a service from Yandex that allows you to analyze search queries

video.yandex.ru - search for videos on the Internet through Yandex

images.yandex.ru - search for images through the Yandex service

superinvestor.ru

new title

Links to application programs

windows.microsoft.com - the site of Microsoft Corporation, which created the Windows operating system

office.microsoft.com - website of the corporation that created Microsoft Office

chrome.google.ru - a commonly used browser for working with sites

hyperionics.com - site of the creators of the HyperSnap screen capture program

getpaint.net - free software for working with images

A valuable mineral, a combustible chemical compound with an oily consistency, lighter than water, in different places of extraction it can be black or have cherry, brown, yellow and greenish hues, an almost transparent variety is the least common.

By its composition, this is a complex hydrocarbon mixture that may contain various impurities of nitrogen, sulfur, metals (copper, nickel, chromium, molybdenum, iron, etc.), salts (sodium, magnesium, calcium chlorides), etc. The smell depends on the presence of sulfur and aromatic hydrocarbons in it. The ratio of solid, liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons affects the quality of the product, the more gases in the composition, the higher the possibility of heat transfer. "Black gold" is different in its consistency, depending on the quantitative ratio of its constituent hydrocarbons: colorless and fluid or black and viscous.

Some varieties acquire hardness at a temperature of +20 degrees, while others remain fluid even at -30. In the natural "raw" form, oil is not used in industry, it is processed to obtain various petroleum products: diesel and jet fuel, gasoline of various degrees of purification, kerosene, lubricants, bitumen, boiler fuel. The "side effect" of oil refining can be called plastic and polyethylene, polyester, nylon. Hydrocarbons are widely used in cosmetology (vaseline, lipstick), and medicine (aspirin) in the production of chewing gum, solar panels and much more, the list includes more than 6,000 items.

For greater convenience, oil is classified into grades by density: light, medium and heavy. The more impurities in crude oil, the more expensive the subsequent refining and processing will be, so it is light grades of oil that are most in demand, which give a greater amount of high-quality product at the output.

Historical record of oil production

The process of formation of a deposit of this complex chemical product proceeds in several stages and stretches over a long period of time up to 350 million years. Oil fields are located at depths ranging from a few meters to 6 kilometers. Rocks in which oil is deposited are called reservoirs.

The modern historical chronicle of the oil industry dates back to 1847 in the city of Baku, which at that time was part of the Russian Empire. The world's first oil well began to operate on the coast of the Caspian Sea, a little later many wells were drilled in the same area, since then Baku has become known as the "Black City".

In 1853, the Polish pharmaceutical chemist Lukasiewicz suggested using kerosene as a light source. He owns the discovery of a method for extracting kerosene from oil, the invention of a kerosene lamp and the construction of the first oil refinery in Austria.

In August 1859, E. Drake not only drilled the first well for oil production in the USA, but also received an oil inflow with a fixed flow rate (Titusville, Pennsylvania). In this area, drilling of water wells often accompanied the appearance of oil, which made it possible to gain fairly inexpensive access to an important raw material, the value of which everyone knew.

1864 was a turning point for all oil industry workers. In the Kuban, the manual drilling method was replaced by a more efficient mechanical percussion rod using a steam engine as a drilling machine drive. The transition from heavy manual labor to mechanical labor marked the beginning of the birth of the oil and gas industries.

February 1866 - the first oil gusher in Russia and the Caucasus (Kudakinsky field) was hammered.

Oil production is a developed complex of production and technological processes for extracting oil to the surface of the earth, its subsequent collection and sorting by quality. The extraction of "black gold" - an almost uncontested energy raw material - is equivalent to its use. By the 20th century, the world's oil was 1 trillion 46 billion barrels.

Barrel (from the English word barrel) is a universal measure of the volume of liquids and bulk solids. An oil barrel is equal to 159 liters.

It is customary to use the Brent grade as the standard for oil quality, as was established by the OPEC organization (a permanent intergovernmental organization of exporting countries). The more the characteristics of the produced oil differ from the standard, the lower its quality and cost.

Oil production in the modern world

Oil has been used by man for 6,000 years, and its production on an industrial scale dates back to the 19th century. Most of the crude oil is produced using steel pipe-lined oil wells. To raise oil and related products (gas, water) to the surface, heavy-duty hermetic mechanisms are used that can withstand high pressure.

Countries leading in terms of oil production (for 2014)

1. USA - 12.4 (barrels per day production)

2. Saudi Arabia - 11.6

3. Russia - 10.6

4. China - 4.4

5. Canada - 4

In the top ten - Iran, Iraq, United Arab Emirates, Mexico, Kuwait.

The largest oil importers are China and the United States.

Oil processing

Most entrepreneurs seek to maximize profits, so they mainly produce expensive light oil products (gasoline and the like), and reduce the amount of dark ones (fuel oil, diesel fuel, lubricants). Modern plants specializing in deep oil refining are able to obtain a maximum of light products even from heavy grades of oil. Naturally, the process is more expensive, raising the price of the final product.

The first step in the conversion of crude oil is the primary distillation (separation), during which the oil is separated into fractions with different boiling points without any chemical changes in composition. Then it is purified from various impurities, water and gaseous hydrocarbons and sent to distillation columns for distillation at atmospheric pressure. As a result, several fractions are obtained: gasoline (light and heavy), kerosene, diesel. Fuel oil is a residual product of this process. If the quality does not meet the requirements, oil products are recycled.

Oil industry in the Russian Federation

Russia is the only industrialized country in the world that is fully provided with oil and exports this fuel to other states. Its share in the global balance of fuel and energy resources is significant - 10%. More than 6% of the world's oil reserves are concentrated on our territory, which could not but affect the economy. Russia supplies the world with 5 grades of oil and seeks to expand the range. Oil production and refining is one of the basic sectors of trade relations with other states, as a result of which the Russian budget has received a rigid peg to the price of petroleum products. If the value or quantity of exports fluctuate, then the whole economic system our country.

In Russia, oil production is complex and hard work. Until the beginning of the 20th century, oil was extracted through wells, with the advent of more modern technologies wells are being drilled. Wells are called a round hole penetrating deep into the earth with a diameter of up to 400 mm. They can be vertical or have an oblique angle necessary for more efficient development. For various kinds oil, there are different techniques for extracting:

1. By flowing (typically with excessive internal pressure in oil reservoirs);

2. With powerful electric pumps;

3. Ensuring the flow of oil by artificial pressure reduction.

Naturally, the method of extraction is determined after reconnaissance of the location of the oil field, the depth of occurrence and the nature of the soil and stone surrounding it. In particular, in Western Siberia, electric drills are not used because of rocks that are unstable to shedding.

There is a lot of “black gold”, like other minerals, but it is very difficult to get to them. For the most part, oil lies in marshy areas with harsh climatic conditions, far from civilization, which causes many problems. Preparation for drilling is always the same: first, forests are cut down and the swamp is drained. The vacated area is filled with sand and only after that drilling begins directly. They try to locate wells in one place, grouping up to 10-12 wells side by side, such an arrangement is called a “bush”.

For greater convenience, wells are drilled at various inclinations, covering most of the oil-bearing area and going to a depth of up to 6 km. In this case, the bottom of each of them can be located at a distance of up to several kilometers from its above-ground part. For example, in the West Siberian district, the depth of wells on average goes to a distance of 1.5 to 2.5 km, in the East Siberian district from 2 to 3 km, in the Volga region up to 4.5 km. Sakhalin wells can be called the absolute leader, there are those that go as far as 12 km. The main work is carried out by drilling rigs, they have a colossal size, weight reaches 1000 tons. At the very top of the drilling rig (derrick) a huge winch with a hook moving up and down due to a powerful electric motor is securely fixed. This part of the design is called the top drive. To perform drilling operations, a bit is lowered into the well. It looks like a metal blank with 3 rotating cutter parts, which carry out the process of penetrating into the thickness of the earth. The bit is essentially the tip of a drill collar that has specific gravity 135 kg per linear meter. weighted drill pipe continues with a conventional drill pipe.

The entire system is called the "drill string" and is driven by a top drive electric motor. The drill string receives a rotational-translational motion, falling down with all its considerable weight (3 km = 100-150 tons). The frequency of descent and retrieval of the string depends on the speed of abrasion of the bit and the need to replace it. If necessary, the inner walls of the well are strengthened with casing pipes, after which the bit size is changed to a smaller one. From the mouth (the beginning of the well) to the bottom (its end), the diameter changes smoothly: 393 mm - 295 mm - 215 mm - 143 mm. Drilling fluid is passed through pipes under pressure from 50 to 150 atmospheres. It has a dual purpose, firstly, it cools the bit, and secondly, it brings sludge (remnants of destroyed rock) to the surface of the earth. The solution is cleaned and reused, and the sludge at the end of drilling operations is covered with soil and sown with grass.

After the well has been drilled to the required length, a casing pipe (column) is lowered into it and cement mortar is pumped in to prevent subsidence and collapse of the walls. After that, the drilling rig is transferred to another object, and an explosive charge is lowered deep into the well, which breaks holes in the concrete, after which it is possible to lower the electric pump and start pumping oil through the tubing.

Typically, the distance between adjacent wells is about 5 meters, each is equipped with a metering unit that allows you to control the daily amount of crude oil (debit). Most often, oil comes out mixed with water, for example, 30/70, so in the cold season, pipes must be wrapped with heat-insulating materials. Another "fellow traveler" of oil is gas.

Previously, it was not subjected to cleaning, as it is quite expensive, it was simply burned. As a result, the atmosphere was severely damaged. In 2012, all oil companies were ordered not to flare, but to purify and sell gas.

Given the vast distances, differences in climatic conditions and geological characteristics of the regions of the Russian Federation, in addition to drillers, repairmen, seismologists, and geologists are involved in the organization of work. Chronologically, it goes something like this: after the geologists, seismologists come and conduct soil research. Behind them are "masters", whose job is to carry out preparatory work and drillers in several areas. Some of them are specialists in telemetry and geophysical surveys, others belong to the services of drilling fluids, bit service, workers of the well workover service, and production.

You can not do without various special equipment and personnel serving it. Related professions are in demand: electricians and welders, builders, etc., because people cannot sleep on the ground and live without any basic amenities. Roads are needed for the passage of equipment, electricity is needed to ensure the operation of the drilling station, canteens and laundries are needed.

Funding and management is led by the oil company, which owns the development license and employs various contractors.

Drilling a single well can take from a month to a year, depending on many factors. This is the diligence and responsibility of employees, the quality of the equipment used, the weather, the length of the well being laid, the geological features of the area and even the density of the oil produced.

United States of America

In the past few years, oil production has increased by 43% due to the discovery of 2 richest fields. On the one hand, these are profits and jobs for people, on the other hand, a sharp decline in the price of oil due to the oversaturation of the market with goods. In addition, there is growing interest in the United States in Arctic oil and shale exploration. According to some venerable scientists, its deposits far exceed the amount of usual and are evenly distributed throughout the globe. This type of oil is extracted from deposits of shale of plant and animal origin by the mine method with further processing or by drilling many horizontal wells with subsequent destruction of the entire reservoir.

This method is called "fracking" (or fracking), because the power of the water element is used. Unfortunately, few people are embarrassed by such a barbaric method that can lead to a natural disaster. Hydraulic fracturing is the destruction of a rock formation with water pumped under pressure and the further collection of raw materials in an optimally convenient place for this. Irreparable harm is being done to the environment, water, air and land are polluted with toxic chemicals that make it impossible for people to live in this area.

As a result, some US states are discussing the possibility of adopting legislative measures to protect nature. Strongly against the extraction of shale gas and oil Greenpeace and OPEC. These organizations are trying to delay the start of the "shale revolution" around the world. France, Germany and Bulgaria have already refused and banned the fracking technology by law. Poland and Ukraine are still solving this issue, weighing all the pros and cons.

Canada

The 7th largest producer of oil and its derivatives, most of the export volume goes to the US market. In terms of proven oil reserves, Canada firmly holds the 2nd place after Saudi Arabia. Oil production in Canada is accompanied by great difficulties, its deposits are 95% concentrated in the field of oil (bituminous) sands, which are alternative sources.

The extraction of raw materials is carried out by mine or quarry methods, since the reservoir is most often located near the surface of the earth's crust. This type of oil is a viscous mixture of sand, clay, water and bitumen. The latter are a semi-solid, non-fluid mass that cannot be extracted by traditional methods. However, there are no obstacles for modern technologies, oil production has been continuously going on since the early 1950s.

The first attempts to process tar sand were unsuccessful, but during the period of the "oil famine" demand increased so much that it made it profitable and attracted many investors. From 1997 to 2006, the amount of oil produced increased by 21%, but at the same time, the cost also increased. production work. In Canada, several methods are used to extract viscous oil: primary production, water injection, cold production (as it is also called unconventional primary methods), and a number of thermal methods followed by processing at the place of production.

As a result of processing (cracking), 4 tons of bituminous sand are used to produce

1 barrel of heavy oil. Serious disadvantages of this type of raw material are the use of a large amount of fresh water in the production process and the negative impact on the environment. As a result of the development of the Athabasca tar sands, Canada's per capita greenhouse gas emissions have taken on health-threatening proportions.

Canada's national policy is very reasonable and takes into account the interests of each region:

1. Alberta provides a reserve market for its own products, where the price level is kept above the world;

2. Ontario invests in petrochemical industries;

3. Montreal keeps prices low.

The main consumer of Canadian oil for a long period of time is the US Midwest.

United Arab Emirates

For the most part, the UAE economy relies on the oil industry, which allows you to live quite well. Oil fields were discovered in the middle of the last century, and since 1973, when oil prices went up sharply, the Emirates began to receive super profits. Now it is a country with a very high threshold for the well-being of its citizens. Recently, the government of the country has been paying special attention to the exploration of new deposits of natural resources, their development and marketing of oil and gas products. Oil refining and liquefied gas and products from oil goes to the last plan. The lion's share of oil produced in the UAE is exported, the United States, Japan, and Western European countries are regular buyers.

Oil production in this country is less hard work than, for example, in Russia. Dry and hot climate, sandy soils with low groundwater levels favor the development of the oil industry. Yes, and the oil there lies relatively shallow from the surface, one might say, dug and saw a fountain of "black gold".

People's Republic of China

China is not a very large country, but extremely densely populated. Over the past five years, the demand for oil and its derivatives has been constantly growing. If in 1950-1960 China provided not only for itself, but also for all neighboring states, then with the onset of the 1980s, old fields began to deplete, there was not enough money to develop new ones, and an oil shortage began. The implementation of an ineffective strategy to meet the demand with own reserves, the neglect of improving the quality of production and the development of energy-saving technologies have played the role of limiting the further development of the oil industry. China is forced to use the services of suppliers from a number of countries, but is trying to overcome its dependence on imports.

A complete re-equipment of oil producing companies is planned for the next decade, although it is known that Chinese oil is 50% higher than imported oil. Most likely, in this case, China is trying to foresee the moment when oil reserves in other countries are depleted.

Saudi Arabia

This is a fairly small state, but it is on its territory that colossal oil reserves have been discovered, which allows it to exert a powerful influence on other countries through a significant contribution to world exports. According to 2011 data, Saudi Arabia's reserves are about 19% of the world's. The resulting raw material is of high quality, 2/3 belongs to light and ultra-light grades, which positively affects its cost.

Unlike many others, this country does not try to annually increase oil production, the amount of "black gold" produced depends on the state of the sales market and the cost of raw materials. Arabia can step up the process, but does not seek it unnecessarily. At the same time, huge investments are being made in oil production, new ways are being found to increase oil recovery and reduce the cost of processing raw materials.

Kuwait

Another small but very rich country with huge oil deposits (about 9% of world reserves). 95% of state budget revenues are formed from oil supplies, therefore it is highly dependent on price fluctuations in the commodity market. In the event of a force majeure situation, Kuwait is diversifying the economy so that it is not built solely on the oil sector, funds are invested in various industries. In addition, 10% of "oil" revenues are invested in "future generations", which is very prudent and can support the state in difficult times.

Kuwait cooperates mostly with Asian countries, supplying mostly unrefined oil to Japan, Singapore, India, Korea and Taiwan.

Iran

This country holds the 3rd place in terms of oil reserves after Saudi Arabia and Venezuela (9.9% of world reserves). As in most cases, the country's economy is inseparably linked with oil production, at least 50% of the state budget is generated from the sale of petroleum products. Iran is actively developing mechanical engineering (dividing it into several subspecies, including automotive, precision and others), information and rocket and space technologies, and medicine. This country has created its own oil industry, where trading is held, the calculation can be made in euros or rials. The country's economy is suffering greatly due to economic sanctions imposed by the world community in response to the policies of President Ahmadinejad. Nevertheless, the government does not stop trying to stabilize the situation and attracts foreign investors with their capital to the oil and gas industry.

Iran has established trade relations with China and South Korea. A relatively small part of raw materials goes to Europe and Africa. The closest relationship is with Japan, which provides a tenth of its needs with Iranian oil and takes part in the development of some natural resources.

Science fiction refers to oil as " the blood of the planet' probably is. It is impossible to underestimate the need for oil, if it suddenly disappears from planet Earth, this will affect all aspects of our life. At the same time, one cannot ignore the rapid depletion of natural resources and the damage caused to nature during the extraction of its resources. Soon enough, humanity will face the question of further existence.

Deforestation and uncontrolled extraction of natural resources leads to more frequent earthquakes, extensive soil failures.

When gas and oil products are burned, a huge amount of carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxide, and sulfur compounds are released into the atmosphere. To combat subsidence of the soil, water is pumped into the voids formed. But water supplies are also not infinite, this path leads nowhere.

We cannot survive without oil and gas production, but all states need to develop a common program for the invention and implementation of alternative ways to generate energy and reduce environmental pollution. No less important is the restoration of the cleanliness of the world's oceans, where millions of tons of oil products are dumped annually. Almost a third of the water surface is covered with an oil film, the shores are polluted, marine animals, fish and birds are dying. Only a balanced approach will help prevent many troubles.

Stay up to date with all important United Traders events - subscribe to our

Every day, the world's largest oil producers extract about 100 million barrels of minerals from the fields. The leading oil powers are Russia, Saudi Arabia and the United States. It is they who provide the world market with 39% black gold.

The TOP 10 included leading countries in oil production over the past year.

2.5 million barrels per day

Opens the top ten largest oil producers in the world. The country's economy as a whole depends on the sale of fossil raw materials. Venezuelan exports are 96% oil sales. The country produces about 2.5 million barrels per day. The world share in the production of export raw materials is 3.65%. In terms of world oil reserves, Venezuela occupies the first position: about 46 billion tons of raw materials are concentrated there.

2.7 million barrels per day

They are among the top ten oil leaders. Their export share in the world market is 3.81%. The main deposits of useful raw materials are concentrated directly in the emirate of Abu Dhabi and account for 95%, the remaining 5% are in the emirates of Dubai and Sharjah. The country produces about 2.7 million barrels daily. The total oil reserves in the emirates amount to 13 billion tons of unused raw materials. The largest consumers of the United Arab Emirates product are Japan, Thailand, India, the Republic of Korea, Singapore and China.

2.8 million barrels per day

It has 9% of the world's oil reserves, which is approximately 14 billion tons. Thanks to this, the state has become one of the largest earners. Its share is 3.90% of the total supply of black gold to the world market. The country produces about 2.8 million barrels of raw materials per day. The largest oil field is Bolshoy Burgan, from where half of the production is extracted. The rest of the product is provided by the southern Minagish and Umm Gudair deposits, as well as the northern Raudhaiten and Sabriyakh. The country sells the resulting oil products to the United Arab Emirates, Syria, Morocco, Jordan and China.

3 million barrels per day

It is one of the most reputable producers of natural raw materials in the world, which has begun to gain momentum in recent years. And this is no coincidence, because the country's economy is directly dependent on oil exports. The total part of state revenues from the sale of petroleum products is approximately 90%. About 3 million barrels and more are extracted from the fields per day. The share of raw materials extracted by Iraq from the total world share is 4.24% today. There are 20 billion tons of black gold reserves in the country.

Country Iran

- one of the largest oil powers in the world, which has huge reserves of raw minerals. The main part of raw materials is extracted from the Persian Gulf basin. According to researchers, the content of known black gold deposits will last the country for about 90 years. In terms of total oil reserves, which amount to 21 billion tons, the country is in third place. Iran extracts more than 3 million barrels of oil from the oil fields every day. The share of the country's production in the world market segment is 4.25%. The main consumers of the Iranian product are China, Japan, Turkey, India and South Korea. Almost half of the state's income comes from the export of petroleum products.

3 million barrels per day

is one of the leading producers and exporters of oil. The volume of extracted raw materials per day is more than 3 million barrels. The largest mineral deposit is one of the provinces of Canada - Alberta. The country is considered the main supplier of "black gold" to the United States, where more than 90% of the crude product is sold. The total world share of the exporter's production is 4.54%. The state has inexhaustible reserves of natural raw materials and is among the three richest countries in terms of oil reserves, which are estimated at 28 billion tons.

4 million barrels per day

(PRC) is one of the largest oil producers. The share of the world volume for the extraction of raw materials is 5.71%. More than 4 million barrels are extracted daily from the depths of the earth with the help of drilling rigs. The country is not only largest exporter, but also one of the leaders in the consumption of raw materials due to the large population. The state does not have the most large reserves oil, which is 2.5 billion tons. Russia is one of China's largest oil importers.

9 million barrels per day

(11.80%) opens the top three world giants in oil production. The United States is engaged not only in exports, but also in imports of raw materials. A huge number of drills daily extract up to 9 million barrels of the fossil. As a percentage, the annual production volume is 11.80% in relation to other world oil producers. There are three main states that produce the product in the country - California, Alaska and Texas. The country has reserved a strategic reserve of black raw materials for use in case of unforeseen circumstances.

10 million barrels per day

- one of the world's largest black gold miners. The entire economy of the country of the Middle East rests on the export of oil, which it supplies to the states of East Asia and the United States. Part of the external income received by Saudi Arabia from the sale of precious raw materials is about 90%. Oil fields in the country are controlled by Saudi Aramco. The world share of mining in the country is 13.23%. Daily work brings up to 10 million barrels per day. The country's proven mineral reserves are 36.7 billion tons.

more than 10 million barrels per day

It is the rightful leader in oil production in the world. And this is not accidental, since the Russian Federation is considered the richest country in terms of reserves not only of "black gold", but also of other minerals. It is literally a storehouse of natural gas, non-ferrous metals and hard coal. Oil is extracted not only for export, but also for the production of fuel material. The total volume of its proven reserves is over 14 billion tons. More than 10 million barrels per day are extracted from fields every day, and this volume is constantly growing. As a percentage of world oil production, the share of the Russian Federation is 13.92%.