The nuclear power plant in the Volga region is called. List of all nuclear power plants in russia. Nuclear power after the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant

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Yesterday residents of Saratov, Samara and a number of other regions were seized by panic, which arose due to rumors of a major accident at the Balakovo nuclear power plant (Saratov region). In fact, on the night of November 4, an abnormal situation arose from the category of frequently occurring ones at the nuclear power plant: an emergency protection was triggered at the power unit due to a ruptured water pipe. But the leadership of the station and the regional Ministry of Emergency Situations did not promptly explain to the population what had happened. As a result, iodine disappeared from pharmacies, dozens of enterprises stopped, hundreds of people moved away from the nuclear power plant, fearing radiation.

The first reports of an emergency situation at the Balakovo NPP (BalNPP) appeared on the morning of November 4. The BalNPP Public Information Center reported that the current repair of the feed pipe of the fourth steam generator is being carried out at power unit # 2. The power unit was reportedly shut down on November 4 at 1.24 am and is scheduled to start up at 10 pm on November 5. But the residents of Balakovo did not believe in the current repairs, which must begin at 2 am. By the middle of the day, most of the almost 200,000-strong city was sure that an accident with a radiation release had occurred at the station.

“It was horror and end of the world,” Anna Vinogradova, head of the Balakovo Society for Nature Conservation, shared her impressions with a Kommersant correspondent. “The whole city has gone mad. The bosses talked about the accident to their subordinates, who called their relatives. All phones were busy. People advised each other to drink vodka, iodine and never use tap water.

When the site http://aesbalakovo.narod.ru, quickly created by some independent journalists, appeared on the Internet, panic completely seized Balakovo.

The site, in particular, stated: "There was an accident at the BalNPP. As a result of the incident, 4 workers died, another 18 received burns of varying severity. The situation is critical."

In several kindergartens, teachers ordered the directors to give children potassium iodide tablets. By the evening, stocks of iodine, iodomarin and other iodine-containing preparations disappeared from local pharmacies. In at least ten villages in the Balakovo region, the peasants refused to drive cattle to pastures. A similar situation has developed in the Saratov, Samara, Penza regions, in part of the Nizhny Novgorod region and Mordovia. Everywhere people were stocking up on iodine and alcohol, trying to move out of what they thought was possibly already contaminated, and factories stopped because their directors could not keep workers who were eager to save their families.

The editorial offices of regional newspapers in Saratov on November 4 and 5 withstood a real flurry of calls from the population. The Kommersant correspondent managed to talk to several callers.

“I went to the market in the morning, they said that a reactor exploded at the nuclear plant,” Anna Samokhina, a resident of the city of Petrovsk, shouted into the phone. “I ran home, I called the administration, I asked what to do, and they told me: lay down with your feet to the explosion!

Several circumstances worked simultaneously to incite panic. On November 3, planned exercises of the Ministry of Emergency Situations took place in the area of ​​the nuclear power plant. The city was notified about them, but no one spoke about the nature of the exercises. The generals who came to the exercises in the afternoon of November 4, in full force, attended the concert of a patriotic song, which took place in the house of culture in the city center. The sight of a dozen black Volgas with military numbers did not add optimism to anyone in Balakovo. And most importantly, none of the officials considered it necessary to speak to the population and tell what happened on the night of November 3 to 4 at the nuclear power plant. Only in the evening of November 4, the head of the Balakovo Emergencies Ministry, Lieutenant Colonel Romanenko, appeared on the air of the local TV company "Free Television". He demanded that residents stop panic, but he did not say a word about the incident at BalNPP. This only complicated the situation.

“The city has long been warmed up by the discussion about the construction of the fifth and sixth power units, which is being conducted by the administration and environmentalists,” says Anna Vinogradova. “All this accumulated negative should have had a way out. And so it happened. I think that one of the station workers came home, told some neighbors, others. And so it began.

Since the morning of November 5, people from all over the Volga region have been trying to find out from specialists by phone in what quantities they should take iodine (see the reference). The first cases of iodine poisoning appeared on the same day.

“We have already recorded three cases,” the attendant of the ambulance station in Balakovo told Kommersant. “In two elderly women and a schoolboy. Their condition is satisfactory, only the temperature is high and they constantly feel sick. Please tell through the newspaper so that iodine and vodka do not interfere. It will be very bad. Since we have already bought up all the iodine, let the thyroid gland be smeared with it, there is more benefit from this: the prevention of cancerous tumors.

Seven iodine poisoning was recorded yesterday in Samara. As reported at the city ambulance station, one of the victims is a 52-year-old woman: "She bought a solution of iodine for external use at the pharmacy, dissolved iodine in water and drank the liquid that caused her throat burns."

And only in the middle of the day on November 5 did the officials finally explain what had happened at the nuclear power plant. The NPP's public information center issued a statement saying that a leak was found in the pipeline that supplies water to the steam generators of the second power unit. At 1.24 on November 4, due to this leak, the emergency protection of the power unit was triggered, it was stopped.

“This is a common situation that occurs at any nuclear power plant several times a year,” said Nikolai Shingarev, a spokesman for the Federal Atomic Energy Agency yesterday. “Automation has shut down the power unit due to malfunctions that are not related to the reactor.

As Kommersant was told in the nuclear power plant safety supervision department of the Volga department of Rostekhnadzor, the rupture of the pipe has nothing to do with the reactor core. The emergency occurred in the water supply pipe of the secondary circuit, through which clean water is supplied to the steam generator. The water flowing out of the pipe shorted the electrical terminals of the capacity regulators of the main pumps pumping water to the steam generator, and the water level in the steam generator dropped. In this regard, the emergency protection was triggered - the automatics lowered safety rods into the reactor, absorbing the neutron flux, thus stopping the process and shutting down the reactor.

Nuclear scientists claim that even the accident as such did not happen - only an emergency situation arose. "The automatic protection worked instantly," they say. "The body of the fuel assembly did not melt, the protective shell of the reactor did not collapse, the release of radioactive vapor from the steam generator did not occur, circuit # 1, through which the water" contaminated "with uranium, was circulating, was not depressurized." Problems, they said, arose in the so-called civilian part of the nuclear power plant, where there is no radiation at all. The leaked water of the second circuit was absolutely pure - cleaner than that supplied to the domestic water supply network, therefore there is no reason for concern.

The chief engineer of BalNPP Viktor Ignatov confirmed this at an emergency press conference yesterday: “There was no radiation release. planned exercises were held at the station on the line of civil defense and emergency situations with evacuation of personnel. The coincidence of events gave rise to panic. "

“I myself am a Chernobyl survivor and would be the first to shout if something happened to you,” said Alexander Rabadanov, Minister of Civil Defense and Emergency Situations of the Saratov Region. “I have data that someone using the good name of our ministry and posing as civil defense workers and Emergency Situations, recommended that people put on cotton-gauze bandages and drink iodine. Apparently, there are forces interested in panic, perhaps in pursuit of political goals. "

Andrei Zolotkov, head of the representative office of the international environmental organization Bellona in Murmansk, who identified himself as a specialist in icebreaker nuclear reactors, told Kommersant that "theoretically, the danger still remains." "The problem is that even a shutdown reactor continues to operate as if by inertia - the so-called residual heat occurs. The duration of this process depends on how long and under what load the reactor was operating before the accident: residual heat can take from several hours to several days. All this time, the body of the fuel assembly needs to be forced to cool. Since the second circuit does not work, water has to be supplied through the emergency system, which is directly connected to the first, contaminated circuit. Accordingly, during the entire time until the reactor cools down, waste radioactive water flows outside. There are special sealed containers for collecting it at each nuclear power plant, but their possibilities are not limitless, "says Mr. Zolotkov.

The simple questions of a Kommersant correspondent, whether the emergency cooling of the second unit has been completed, how much space is left for radioactive water in the tanks and whether its emergency discharge (with all the consequences) can be made, for some reason unbalanced this benevolent employee of the BalNPP press service. "There is no danger, and that's all we would like to tell the media," he shouted, not even wanting to introduce himself. "Technical questions are not relevant to your work, and we will only answer them upon written request."

Yesterday evening, the Balakovo ecologists and the official website of the BalNPP simultaneously gave the same indicators of the level of radiation in the atmosphere. In Balakovo, it fluctuates between 8 and 13 microroentgens per hour. In Saratov, according to the specialists of the Radon enterprise, which is engaged in the utilization of radioactive substances, it is 11 microroentgens per hour. Exceeding the norm starts from 20 microroentgens per hour.

Nevertheless, yesterday the presidential envoy to the Volga Federal District, Sergei Kiriyenko, arrived in the Saratov region. He explained that the decision to travel was made due to the fact that, despite the statement of the competent authorities about the complete safety of Balakov's facilities, panic continues among the residents of the region. "The plenipotentiary went to the region to personally prove that nothing terrible happened here," noted the office of the plenipotentiary envoy Kiriyenko.

ANDREY KOZENKO, Saratov; SERGEY GUBANOV, Balakovo; SERGEY B-MASHKIN

Address: 413800 Saratov region, Balakovo-26, Balakovo NPP.
Email: [email protected]
Phone: (845 70) 20091, 23793 Fax: (845 70) 26209

Balakovo nuclear power plant is one of the largest nuclear power plants in Russia. It is located on the left bank of the Saratov reservoir of the Volga River at a distance of 900 km southeast of Moscow. The first stage of the NPP operates four unified power units with a total electrical installed capacity of 4000 MW. They were built according to the most modern projects - pressurized water reactors of the VVER type, and these are the ones installed at the station that operate reliably all over the world.

The history of the Balakovo nuclear power plant goes back to the 70s, when work began in the Volga region to select a site for the construction of a future powerful nuclear power plant capable of covering the electricity shortage that emerged in the region. Start of construction - October 28, 1977.

The start-up of the first power unit took place on December 28, 1985, in 1987 the second power unit produced the first kilowatt-hours of electricity in 1988 - the third, the fourth entered service in 1993. Balakovo NPP is a state-owned enterprise, part of the Rosenergoatom concern of the Ministry of the Russian Federation for Atomic Energy, it works reliably and stably, every year improving all the main indicators. The enterprise produces the cheapest electricity among nuclear and thermal power plants of the Russian Federation. In 2000, the NPP generated more than 27.5 billion kWh. electricity is the highest indicator in the country among energy producers. Ten regions and autonomous republics of Russia are connected with it by power lines. It provides reliable and stable power supply to consumers in the Volga region, Center, Urals and Siberia.

The key indicators of NPP operational reliability, as defined by national and international norms and regulations, are consistently high. Balakovo NPP is one of the ten most "clean" nuclear power plants in the world in terms of radiation. The quality system created at the enterprise in recent years is an effective means of ensuring the required level of safety and reliability of nuclear power plants with high economic indicators.

In 1999 and 2000, Balakovo NPP was recognized as the "Best Power Plant in Russia". The station has received such a high rank before.

Among the large enterprises in the Saratov region, the Balakovo nuclear power plant is one of the most environmentally friendly. At the NPP and in the area of ​​its location, constant monitoring of the impact of the technological process on the environment is carried out. It is carried out by the state supervision authorities and the radiation safety department of the Balakovo NPP. The observation area covers an area with a radius of 30 km. The data of long-term measurements allow us to conclude that the operation of the NPP does not have a negative impact on the environment. The uncontrolled impact on the environment of harmful substances generated as a result of the production process was excluded by the project and the achieved high level of operation. The radiation situation in the city of Balakovo and in the area where the NPP is located is characterized by values ​​from 8 to 15 micro-roentgens / hour, which corresponds to the level of natural background values ​​typical for the European part of the country, and to the level that was here before the construction of the plant.

At Balakovo NPP, particular importance is attached to the human factor as the most important component of safety. The high safety culture of Balakovo nuclear workers has been repeatedly noted by experts from the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and the World Association of Nuclear Power Plant Operators (WANO). In terms of educational level, the station personnel occupies a leading place among the largest enterprises in the region. Almost 30 percent of the four and a half thousand people employed in basic production have a higher education, and a quarter have a secondary specialized education. Continuous professional development of personnel is one of the main tasks of the plant management, closely related to the issues of safety and reliable operation of the nuclear power plant.

The enterprise has its own personnel training center (CPP) equipped with the most modern training equipment, including a unique set of simulators. On a full-scale simulator - a complete analogue of a real block control panel of a power reactor (MCR) - emergency situations in the operation of a power unit, equipment failures in conditions as close as possible to real ones are simulated and reproduced. The functional analytical simulator allows you to visually study the processes occurring inside the reactor. The simulators significantly increased the professional level of the control room personnel, their psychological stability and, as a result, significantly reduced the likelihood of mistakes when performing daily work. All other categories of station workers undergo retraining on a regular basis at the CPP.

To improve the safety and quality of operation at the Balakovo NPP, international experience is widely used. The plant takes an active part in WANO programs, cooperates with foreign nuclear power plants and companies. For more than 10 years, bilateral partnerships with Biblis NPP (Germany) and Paluel NPP (France) have been successfully and dynamically developing, aimed at solving specific production problems.

The current appearance of Balakovo - a modern and beautiful city - cannot be imagined without residential neighborhoods, educational, cultural and sports institutions built under the title of a nuclear power plant.

The successful operation of the station allows it to make a great contribution to the solution of social problems of the Saratov region and, above all, of the Balakovo municipal formation. In the form of taxes, the city and the region receive considerable funds to replenish their budget. For example, for 9 months of 2001, 92 million rubles were transferred to the city budget, and 107 million rubles to the regional budget. During the same time, the Pension Fund received 84 million rubles from the station. Every third ruble in pensions of Balakovo residents is a ruble received from the nuclear power plant! The enterprise makes contributions to a special off-budget investment fund, the funds of which go to the social development of the 30-kilometer zone around the nuclear power plant. This is tens of millions of rubles annually. With the help of the fund, the following were built: a railway station, which became a decoration of the city; a booster pumping station on the bank of the navigable canal, which has radically solved the problem of cold water supply for apartments on the upper floors of houses in new neighborhoods; therapeutic building for 240 beds; recruiting station; water stadium and much more.

The station plays a significant role in the cultural and sports life of the city. The sports and recreation center "Sportex" of the Balakovo NPP has long become the sports center of Balakov. In amateur art groups, studios and sports sections of the "Dialogue" leisure center, "Display", "Elektronik" children's clubs of the trade union committee of the enterprise, hundreds of adults and young people from Balakovo are engaged.

Creative teams and athletes of the Balakovo NPP have more than once adequately represented the city at regional and Russian contests and competitions. The women's volleyball team of the super league "Balakovo NPP", which won the Russian Cup, achieved great success.

The children's health camp "Lazurny" has been repeatedly noted for the good organization of children's recreation by the administrations of the region and the city.

The nuclear power plant takes part in all city events, has long been engaged in charitable activities.

The NPP's public information center, located in the 7th microdistrict, is one of the attractions of Balakov - it is visited with interest by delegations and guests coming to the city.

In a word, the nuclear power plant does not stand aside from city life, but actively participates in it. It cannot be otherwise: the atomic lobbyists are residents of Balakov and want the city problems to be successfully solved. So that every year the city becomes better and more beautiful.

Balakovo nuclear power plant is the energy heart of the Volga region. The entire increase in electricity production in the region last year was due to nuclear power plants. For 9 months of 2001, the station has already produced 19.35 billion kWh of electricity. Balakovo NPP is not only light in homes and working machines at enterprises. NPP is one of those large industrial enterprises that form the economic basis of the state. In the form of taxes alone, the station transferred 230 million rubles to the federal budget for 9 months of this year. And these are salaries for teachers, doctors, other categories of public sector workers, the solution of other social problems, even where they have not heard of the Balakovo NPP. But it is a nuclear power plant of the XXI century. And it can still do a lot for the beginning of the new millennium to be included in history textbooks as a time of rapid and dynamic growth of the Russian economy.

Materials used: - Kamalutdinov R. Balakovo NPP: yesterday, today, tomorrow // Business Saratov. 2001. No.10 - Sergeeva M. Balakovo nuclear power plant: stability, reliability, high technologies // Business. 1998. No. 7.

There are nine nuclear power plants in Russia now, and all of them are working. Eight of them are part of the Rosenergoatom system, and one (Leningrad NPP) is an independent operating organization.
Rosenergoatom includes the following NPPs:
Balakovskaya (Balakovo, Saratov Region - four reactors);
Novovoronezh (Novovoronezh, Voronezh Region - three reactors);
Kursk (Kurchatov, Kursk region - four reactors);
Smolensk (Desnogorsk, Smolensk region - three reactors);
Kalininskaya (Udomlya, Tver region - two reactors);
Kola (Polyarnye Zori, Murmansk region - four reactors);
Beloyarskaya (Zarechny, Sverdlovsk region - one reactor);
Bilibinskaya (Bilibino village, Magadan region - four reactors). (The number of reactors in operation is indicated in brackets only. - A.K.)
The Obninsk NPP in the Kaluga Region is not an industrial one and operates as an experimental station of a scientific center.
The oldest power unit has been in operation since 1971 at the Novovoronezh NPP, the youngest since 1993 in Balakovo. The design service life of all stations is 30 years. However, a preliminary check of the power units showed that they are all safe and their work can be continued.
Prospects for the development of the nuclear power industry in Russia are determined by the Federal Target Program "Development of the nuclear power industry complex of Russia for 2007-2010 and for the future until 2015" and other documents
According to these programs, by 2025 the share of electricity generated at the country's nuclear power plants should increase from 16 to 25%, 26 new power units will be built.

Currently, work is underway at the following facilities:

Rostov NPP, power unit No. 2, commissioning plan - 2009;
- Kalinin NPP, power unit No. 4, commissioning plan - 2011;
- Beloyarsk NPP, power unit No. 4 (BN-800), commissioning plan - 2012;
- Novovoronezh NPP-2, power units No. 1,2, commissioning plan - 2012 and 2013;
- Leningrad NPP-2, power units No. 1 and 2, commissioning plan - 2013 and 2014.
- The selection of sites for the Seversk NPP (Tomsk region), Central NPP (Kostroma region), Baltic NPP (Kaliningrad region), South Ural NPP (Chelyabinsk region) is coming to an end.

Balakovo NPP

Location: Saratov region

Balakovo NPP is the largest electricity producer in Russia. It generates more than 30 billion kWh of electricity annually (more than any other nuclear, thermal and hydroelectric power plant in the country). Balakovo NPP provides a quarter of electricity production in the Volga Federal District and a fifth of the generation of all nuclear power plants in the country. Its electricity is reliably supplied to consumers of the Volga region (76% of the electricity supplied by it), the Center (13%), the Urals (8%) and Siberia (3%). Electricity of Balakovo NPP is the cheapest among all NPPs and thermal power plants in Russia. The installed capacity utilization factor (ICUF) at Balakovo NPP is over 80 percent.
Balakovo NPP is a recognized leader of the nuclear power industry in Russia, it has been repeatedly awarded the title of "Best NPP in Russia" (based on the results of work in 1995, 1999, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 and 2007). Since 2002, the Balakovo nuclear power plant has had the status of a branch of Energoatom Concern OJSC (prior to corporatization of Rosenergoatom Concern FSUE) of the Federal Agency for Atomic Energy (until March 2004 - the RF Ministry of the Russian Federation).
The main thing in the activities of the NPP management is to ensure and improve safety during operation, protect the environment from the influence of the technological process, reduce costs in the production of electricity, improve social protection of personnel, and increase the plant's contribution to the socio-economic development of the region.

Beloyarsk NPP

Location: Sverdlovsk region, Zarechny
Total capacity of 1 unit: 600 MW
Beloyarsk NPP named after I.V. Kurchatova is the firstborn of the large nuclear power industry in the USSR. The station is located in the Urals.
Three power units have been built at Beloyarsk NPP: two with thermal reactors and one with fast neutron reactors.
Power unit 1 with the 100 MW AMB-100 reactor was shut down in 1981, power unit 2 with the 200 MW AMB-200 reactor was shut down in 1989. Fuel from the reactors was unloaded and is stored for long-term storage in special cooling pools located in the same building with the reactors ...
At present, the third power unit with a BN-600 reactor with an electric power of 600 MW, which was put into operation in April 1980, is in operation - the world's first industrial-scale power unit with a fast neutron reactor.

Bilibino NPP

Location: Chukotka Autonomous Okrug Bilibino
Total capacity of 3 blocks: 48 MW
The Bilibino NPP is the central link in the Chaun - Bilibino power center and is connected by a 110 kV overhead line with the Chaunskaya CHPP (Pevek) and the Chersky substation (Zeleny Mys). In addition to these overhead lines, there is a network of 35 kV overhead lines, through which power supply to local consumers is provided. The station generates both electrical and thermal energy, which is supplied to the heat supply of the city of Bilibino. The Bilibino NPP is the first nuclear power plant beyond the Arctic Circle and the only nuclear power plant in the permafrost zone. In 2005, the station operated at 35% of its installed capacity, in 2006 - 32.5%.

The source of economic, drinking and technical water supply to the Bilibino NPP is the reservoir on the Bol brook. Ponneurgen, located three kilometers east of the industrial site. The reservoir meets the water needs of the industrial site, the town of Bilibino and other NPP facilities and is retained by an earth dam.

Rostov (Volgodonsk) NPP

Location: Rostov region, Volgodonsk
Total capacity of 4 units: 4000 MW
The first stone at the construction site of the Volgodonsk NPP was laid on October 28, 1977. Full-scale construction of the station, originally called Volgodonskaya, began in 1979 after a careful study of seven possible sites.
For installation at the Rostov NPP, a pressurized water-moderated power reactor of a pressure vessel type VVER-1000 was selected. Reactors of this type are among the safest and are widely used at nuclear power plants in Russia and Ukraine - for many years they have been reliably operating at Balakovskaya (4 units), Novovoronezh (1 unit), Kalininskaya (1 unit), Zaporizhzhya (6 units), Yuzhno -Ukrainian (1 unit), Khmelnytsky (2 units) and Rivne (1 unit) NPPs, having proved their safety and efficiency. Russian VVER-1000 reactors are also installed at the operating Kozloduy NPP (Bulgaria, 2 units) and the Temelin NPP under construction (Czech Republic, 2 units). Work has begun on the construction of a nuclear power plant with VVER-1000 in Iran, China and India have become actively interested in Russian reactors.
Reactors of a similar type are used at most nuclear power plants in the world.
During the construction of the Rostov NPP, inspections of the progress of its construction were repeatedly carried out, documenting the quality of the work performed.
In the wake of the well-known post-Chernobyl sentiments, the Rostov Regional Council of People's Deputies in June 1990. made a decision, which reads: "... to consider the construction of a nuclear power plant on the territory of the Rostov region at the present stage unacceptable."
On the basis of the decision of the Regional Council, the construction of the Rostov NPP was suspended by the minutes of a meeting with the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR I. S. Silaev and Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR L. Ryabeva on August 29, 1990. In the same protocol, the Goskompriroda was instructed to ensure the environmental impact assessment of the project and the constructed facilities of the Rostov NPP in accordance with the decree of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.
In pursuance of this decision, an additional section of the Rostov NPP project on the environmental safety of the plant was developed - "Assessment of the impact of RosNPP on the environment (EIA)", which was submitted in 1992. to the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of the Russian Federation for the State Ecological Expertise.
Based on a comprehensive analysis of design and other materials, the State Environmental Expert Commission came to a conclusion about the environmental safety of the Rostov NPP. The positive conclusion of the State Expertise is a legal basis for the resumption of the construction of the station. On July 21, 1998, this was recognized by the Decree of the Legislative Assembly of the Rostov Region. At present, the 1st and 2nd power units of the Rostov NPP are scheduled for commissioning in accordance with the "Program for the Development of the Atomic Energy of the Russian Federation for 1998-2005 and for the Period until 2010, approved by the Government of the Russian Federation in July 1998."

Kalinin NPP

Location: Tver region, Udomlya

In the mid-70s of the XX century, when the construction of a nuclear power plant began in the quiet patriarchal Udomlya, the rapid development of the city began. In 1981, the settlement became a city of regional, and in 1986, regional subordination.
For 30 years of construction and operation of the KNPP, a modern city has been built among picturesque lakes and forests: with a developed infrastructure, a system of education and medical services, a network of cultural and educational institutions, an excellent base for physical education and sports, good conditions for the development of small and medium-sized businesses.
The Kalinin nuclear power plant provides electricity to the largest regions of the central part of Russia. For 22 years of operation, the station has generated over 250 billion kWh of electricity.
The specific weight of electricity generated at the KNPP is about 60 percent of its total production in the Tver region. Kalinin NPP accounts for 25 percent of the marketable products produced in the region.
The commissioning of the third power unit in operation provided additional revenues to the region in the form of property tax, deductions to a 30-kilometer zone in the amount of 2 billion rubles. In addition, in the process of completing the construction of power unit No. 3, Energoatom Concern OJSC (prior to corporatization of FGUP Rosenergoatom Concern) invested more than 1.5 billion rubles in the economy and social sphere of the Tver region.
According to the results of 2002, the Kalinin nuclear power plant was awarded the title of "Best NPP in Russia". In 2003 and 2004 KNPP was in second place.
4th power unit
Construction of the second stage of the Kalinin NPP, which includes power units No. 3 and No. 4 with a VVER-1000 reactor, began in 1984.
By order of the Ministry of Atomic Energy and Industry in 1991, the construction of power unit No. 4 was suspended and mothballed in a state of 20% construction readiness. And only almost a decade later, the question of the need to resume the construction of the block was raised again. The developing Russian economy demanded the introduction of new generating capacities.

Kola nuclear power plant

Location: Murmansk region, Polyarnye Zori
Total capacity of 4 blocks: 1760 MW

The history of the construction of the Kola NPP began in the 60s of the twentieth century. The rapid development of the region's industry required additional energy resources. The Kola Peninsula did not have any other sources of electricity, except for water resources, which were almost completely used. It was decided to build the first nuclear power plant in the Arctic.
In the course of exploration work in 1963 on the shore of Lake Imandra, a site was selected for the construction of a nuclear power plant. 1967 - Gosstroy of the USSR approved the design assignment for the construction of the Kola NPP. On May 18, 1969, the first cubic meter of concrete was poured into the base of the station. In 1968, Alexander Romanovich Belov was appointed director of the station under construction - candidate of technical sciences, three times winner of the USSR State Prize, a leader who had extensive economic experience behind him. Alexander Stepanovich Andrushechko took over as head of the Construction Department.
The hard and well-coordinated work of the entire team of builders, installers, adjusters and operators was crowned with success: on June 29, 1973, the first power unit of the Kola nuclear power plant was launched.
In the year of its launch, the station generated 1 billion kWh of electricity.
The construction of power units continued at a rapid pace. On December 8, 1974, the second power unit was launched, on March 24, 1981, the third, and on October 11, 1984, the fourth.
Today, the main supplier of electricity for the Murmansk region and Karelia is the Kola nuclear power plant. The nuclear power plant is located 200 kilometers south of Murmansk on the shores of Lake Imandra, one of the largest and most picturesque lakes in northern Europe. Currently, the station operates 4 power units with a capacity of 440 MW each, which is about 50% of the total installed capacity of the region. The station can generate over 12 billion kilowatt-hours of electricity per year. The generation of electricity at a nuclear power plant releases millions of tons of fossil fuel annually, eliminating the harmful effects of combustion products on the environment. To date, the capacities of the Kola NPP are not fully utilized, which creates preconditions for the development of the region's industry.

NPP awards:
2006 Best NPP in the field of safety;
2006 2nd place in the competition "Best NPP by the end of the year";
2007 2nd place in the competition "Best NPP by the end of the year";
2008 Best NPP in the field of safety culture;
2008 2nd place in the competition "Best NPP by the end of the year".

Kursk NPP

Location: Kursk region, Kurchatov
Total capacity of 4 units: 4000 MW

The Kursk nuclear power plant is located 40 kilometers west of the city of Kursk, on the banks of the Seim River. Kurchatov is located 3 km from the station.
The decision to build the Kursk nuclear power plant was made in the mid-60s. Start of construction - 1971. The need for construction was caused by the rapidly developing industrial and economic complex of the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly (Staro-Oskol and Mikhailovsky mining and processing plants and other industrial enterprises in the region). General design: Moskovkovskoe branch of Atomenergoproekt. Chief designer of the reactor: Institute NIKIET, Moscow. Scientific advisers: Russian Scientific Center "Kurchatov Institute". The construction of the 1st and 2nd stages was carried out by the Construction Department of the Kursk Nuclear Power Plant (now OOO Kurskatomenergostroy Association).
Kursk nuclear power plant is a single-loop type plant: steam supplied to the turbines is generated directly in the reactor when the coolant passing through it boils. Ordinary purified water circulating in a closed loop is used as a heat carrier. To cool the exhaust steam in the turbine condensers, water from the cooling pond is used. The surface area of ​​the reservoir is 21.5 km 2.
As part of the two operating phases of the Kursk nuclear power plant, 4 RBMK-1000 power units (1-4 power units) are in operation, the third phase is under construction.
The installed capacity of each power unit is 1,000 MW (electrical). Power units were commissioned: 1st power unit - in 1976, 2nd - in 1979, 3rd - in 1983, 4th - in 1985.
The Kursk nuclear power plant is one of the top three nuclear power plants of the country equal in terms of capacity, and in terms of the amount of electricity generated - in the top four power plants of all types in Russia, including, in addition to the Balakovo and Leningrad nuclear power plants, the Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP.
The Kursk nuclear power plant is the most important node of the Unified Energy System of Russia. The main consumer is the Center energy system, which covers 19 regions of the Central Federal District. The share of the Kursk nuclear power plant in the installed capacity of all power plants in the Chernozem region is 52%. It provides electricity to 90% of industrial enterprises in the Kursk region.
In May 2008, a cooling pond of the third stage of the Kursk NPP was commissioned to meet the needs for technical water of power unit No. 5 under construction and power unit No. 6 planned for construction. ...
The new reservoir holds about 50 million cubic meters of water. Water from cooling ponds of nuclear power plants participates in the technological process of electricity generation. Its use ensures the operation of heat exchange equipment and technical protection systems of nuclear power plants and does not harm the environment.

Leningrad NPP

Location: Leningrad Region, Sosnovy Bor
Total capacity of 4 units: 4000 MW

The station includes 4 power units with an electric capacity of 1000 MW each, the 1st and 2nd power units (the first stage) are located approximately 5 km south-west of the city of Sosnovy Bor, the 3rd and 4th power units (the second stage) are located two kilometers to the west.
The grandeur of this structure can be judged by the fact that the construction volume of only one main building of the first stage of the station is 1,200,000 m 3, the height of the reactor block reaches 56 m, and the length of the main facade is more than 400 m.

The Leningrad NPP was laid down on July 6, 1967. On December 23, 1973, the members of the State Acceptance Commission accepted the first power unit into operation. In 1975, the second unit of the Leningrad NPP was launched and the construction of the second stage of the station began. Work on the construction of the second stage began on May 10, 1975. The first assembly work on the third block began on February 1, 1977.
On December 26, 1980, at 20:30 pm, the physical start-up of the reactor of the fourth unit was carried out, and on February 9, 1981, shortly before the opening of the XXVI Congress of the CPSU, the fourth power unit was put under industrial load.
Over the years of successful operation, and in 2002, LNPP will celebrate its 30th anniversary, the plant has generated over 600 billion kWh. electricity - and this is a record figure for a power plant in Europe.
Each power unit of the station includes the following main equipment:
RBMK reactor with a circulation loop and auxiliary systems;
2 turbine units of the K-500-65 / 3000 type with a steam and condensate feed path;
2 generators of TVV-500-2 type. ...
The reactor and its auxiliary systems are housed in separate buildings. The machine room is shared by 2 power units. Auxiliary shops and systems for the two power units are common and are geographically located near each of the stages (2 power units) of the plant.
The total area occupied by the Leningrad NPP is 454 hectares.

Novovoronezh NPP

Location: Voronezh region, Novovoronezh
Total capacity of 3 blocks: 1880 MW

The decision to build a nuclear power plant was made in May 1957.
September 1964 - power start-up of the unit;
December 1964 - bringing the unit's capacity to design (210 MW);
January 1966 - development of an increased power level (240 MW);
December 1969 - testing and operation of the power unit at a capacity of up to 280 MW.
With the commissioning of the first unit of the Novovoronezh NPP on September 30, 1964, the countdown began in the history of the atomic energy of our country and European countries. Although the capacity of the power unit, according to modern concepts, was small, at the level of that time it was the most powerful nuclear power unit in the world.
1 power unit of the Novovoronezh NPP, created as a pilot industrial unit, clearly demonstrated the advantages of using nuclear energy, the reliability and safety of the NPP
On December 30, 1969, the 2nd power unit of the Novovoronezh NPP was put into operation. The reactor plant for the 2nd power unit (VVER-365) was the basis for the transition to the construction of serial units with VVER.
In December 1971, the third power unit was commissioned.
In 1972, power unit No. 3 reached its design capacity, and in December, the next, fourth, power unit was launched.
A new page began in the history of the station - the construction of the country's first power unit with a VVER-1000 reactor, which gave current on May 31, 1980.
A series of units with VVER-440 reactors were built at the Kola, Armenian, Rovno NPPs, as well as abroad - in Bulgaria, Hungary, Slovakia, the Czech Republic and Finland. The head power unit No. 5 became serial for the South-Ukrainian, Kalinin, Zaporozhye, Balakovskaya, Rostov NPPs, as well as for the Kozloduy NPP in Bulgaria.
In the meantime, the design life of the first two power units of the NPP was coming to an end. In August 1984, after the expiration of the commercial operation of the reactor vessel, the first unit was shut down for reconstruction and modernization.
In 1986, after the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, the safety concept of nuclear power plants in the USSR was revised and work on the modernization of Unit 1 was discontinued.
Based on the existing operating experience, the technical policy of the administration of the Novovoronezh NPP for a long time was associated with the issues of modernization and reconstruction of units 3 and 4, the term of design operation was also coming to an end. Thanks to the extensive work on the modernization of systems and equipment aimed at improving safety, the Ministry of Atomic Energy of Russia in 2001-2002. it was decided to extend the life of units 3 and 4 for 15 years.

Smolensk NPP

Location: Smolensk region, Desnogorsk
Total capacity of 3 units: 3000 MW

The plant annually supplies the power system with an average of 20 billion kWh of electricity, which is 13% of the electricity generated by ten nuclear power plants in the country.
Today SNPP is the largest city-forming enterprise of the Smolensk region, the share of revenues to the regional budget is more than 30%.
Three power units with uranium-graphite channel reactors RBMK-1000 of the second and third generation are in commercial operation at the SNPP.
The first power unit was commissioned in 1982, the second in 1985, and the third in 1990.
The electric capacity of each power unit is 1000 MW, the thermal capacity is 3200 MW.
In 2007, the Smolensk nuclear power plant was the first among Russian nuclear power plants to receive an international certificate of compliance of the quality management system with the ISO 9001: 2000 standard.
In order to extend the life of the Smolensk NPP, the plant is gradually carrying out scheduled and current repairs with a large amount of work on the reconstruction and modernization of equipment.
All power units are equipped with an accident localization system that excludes the release of radioactive substances into the environment.
In preparing the material, information from the site rosenergoatom.ru was used

Nuclear physics, which arose as a science after the discovery in 1986 of the phenomenon of radioactivity by scientists A. Becquerel and M. Curie, became the basis of not only nuclear weapons, but also the nuclear industry.

Start of nuclear research in Russia

Already in 1910, the Radium Commission was created in St. Petersburg, which included famous physicists N.N.Beketov, A.P. Karpinsky, V.I. Vernadsky.

The study of the processes of radioactivity with the release of internal energy was carried out at the first stage of the development of nuclear power in Russia, in the period from 1921 to 1941. Then the possibility of capturing a neutron by protons was proved, the possibility of a nuclear reaction was theoretically substantiated by

Under the leadership of IV Kurchatov, employees of institutes of various departments have already carried out specific work on the implementation of a chain reaction in the fission of uranium.

The period of the creation of atomic weapons in the USSR

By 1940, a huge statistical and practical experience had been accumulated, which allowed scientists to offer the country's leadership to technically use the enormous intra-atomic energy. In 1941, the first cyclotron was built in Moscow, which made it possible to systematically investigate the excitation of nuclei by accelerated ions. At the beginning of the war, the equipment was transported to Ufa and Kazan, followed by employees.

By 1943, a special laboratory of the atomic nucleus appeared under the leadership of IV Kurchatov, whose goal was to create a nuclear uranium bomb or fuel.

The use of atomic bombs by the United States in August 1945 in Hiroshima and Nagasaki created a precedent for monopoly possession of this country with superweapons and, accordingly, forced the USSR to accelerate work on the creation of its own atomic bomb.

The result of the organizational measures was the launch of the first uranium-graphite nuclear reactor in Russia in the village of Sarov (Gorkovskaya Oblast) in 1946. The first nuclear controlled reaction was carried out at the F-1 test reactor.

An industrial plutonium enrichment reactor was built in 1948 in Chelyabinsk. In 1949, a nuclear plutonium charge was tested at the Semipalatinsk test site.

This stage became a preparatory stage in the history of the domestic nuclear power industry. And already in 1949, design work began on the creation of a nuclear power plant.

In 1954, the world's first (demonstration) nuclear installation of a relatively small capacity (5 MW) was launched in Obninsk.

An industrial dual-purpose reactor, where, in addition to generating electricity, weapons-grade plutonium was also produced, was launched in the Tomsk Region (Seversk) at the Siberian Chemical Combine.

Russian nuclear power: types of reactors

The nuclear power industry of the USSR was initially focused on the use of high-power reactors:

• Channel thermal reactor RBMK (channel high power reactor); fuel - poorly enriched uranium dioxide (2%), reaction moderator - graphite, coolant - boiling water purified from deuterium and tritium (light water).
• Thermal neutron reactor, enclosed in a pressure vessel, fuel - uranium dioxide with an enrichment of 3-5%, moderator - water, which is also a coolant.
• BN-600 - fast neutron reactor, fuel - enriched uranium, coolant - sodium. The world's only industrial reactor of this type. Installed at the Beloyarsk station.
• EGP - thermal neutron reactor (power heterogeneous loop), operates only at the Bilibino NPP. It differs in that the overheating of the coolant (water) occurs in the reactor itself. Recognized as unpromising.

In total, there are 33 power units in operation at ten nuclear power plants in Russia with a total capacity of more than 2,300 MW:

• with VVER reactors - 17 units;
• with RMBK reactors - 11 units;
• with BN reactors - 1 unit;
• with EGP reactors - 4 units.

List of NPPs in Russia and the Union Republics: commissioning period from 1954 to 2001

1. 1954, Obninsk, Obninsk, Kaluga region. Purpose - industrial demonstration. Reactor type - AM-1. Stopped in 2002
2. 1958, Siberian, Tomsk-7 (Seversk), Tomsk region. Purpose - production of weapons-grade plutonium, additional heat and hot water for Seversk and Tomsk. Reactors type - EI-2, ADE-3, ADE-4, ADE-5. It was finally stopped in 2008 by agreement with the United States.
3. 1958, Krasnoyarsk, Krasnoyarsk-27 (Zheleznogorsk). Reactor types - ADE, ADE-1, ADE-2. Purpose - to generate heat for the Krasnoyarsk mining and processing plant. The final stop took place in 2010 by agreement with the United States.
4. 1964, Beloyarsk NPP, Zarechny, Sverdlovsk region. Reactor types - AMB-100, AMB-200, BN-600, BN-800. AMB-100 was shut down in 1983, AMB-200 - in 1990. Operating.
5. 1964, Novovoronezh NPP. Reactors type - VVER, five units. The first and second are stopped. The status is valid.
6. 1968, Dimitrovogradskaya, Melekess (Dimitrovograd since 1972), Ulyanovsk region. The types of research reactors installed are MIR, SM, RBT-6, BOR-60, RBT-10/1, RBT-10/2, VK-50. Reactors BOR-60 and VK-50 generate additional electricity. The stop period is constantly being extended. Status - the only station with research reactors. Estimated closure - 2020.
7. 1972, Shevchenkovskaya (Mangyshlakskaya), Aktau, Kazakhstan. BN reactor, shut down in 1990.
8. 1973, Kola NPP, Polyarnye Zori, Murmansk Region. Four VVER reactors. The status is valid.
9. 1973, Leningradskaya, Pine forest town, Leningrad region. Four reactors RMBK-1000 (the same as at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant). The status is valid.
10. 1974 year. Bilibino NPP, Bilibino, Chukotka Autonomous Region. The types of reactors are AMB (now shut down), BN and four EGP. Active.
11. 1976 year. Kursk, Kurchatov, Kursk region Four RMBK-1000 reactors have been installed. Active.
12. 1976 year. Armenian, Metsamor, Armenian SSR. Two VVER units, the first was shut down in 1989, the second is in operation.
13. 1977 year. Chernobyl, Chernobyl, Ukraine. Four RMBK-1000 reactors have been installed. The fourth unit was destroyed in 1986, the second unit was shut down in 1991, the first in 1996, and the third in 2000.
14. 1980 year. Rivne, Kuznetsovsk, Rivne region, Ukraine. Three blocks with VVER reactors. Active.
15. 1982 year. Smolensk, Desnogorsk, Smolensk region, two units with RMBK-1000 reactors. Active.
16. 1982 year. South Ukrainian NPP, Yuzhnoukrainsk, Ukraine. Three VVER reactors. Active.
17. 1983 year. Ignalina, Visaginas (formerly Ignalina district), Lithuania. Two RMBK reactors. Stopped in 2009 at the request of the European Union (upon joining the EEC).
18. 1984 year. Kalinin NPP, Udomlya, Tver region Two VVER reactors. Active.
19. 1984 year. Zaporizhzhya, Energodar, Ukraine. Six blocks for VVER reactors. Active.
20. 1985 year. Saratov region Four VVER reactors. Active.
21. 1987 year. Khmelnitskaya, Netishin, Ukraine. One VVER reactor. Active.
22. year 2001. Rostov (Volgodonsk), Volgodonsk, Rostov region By 2014, two units are operating at VVER reactors. Two blocks under construction.

Nuclear power after the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant

1986 was a fatal year for this industry. The consequences of a man-made disaster were so unexpected for mankind that the closure of many nuclear power plants became a natural impulse. The number of nuclear power plants worldwide has declined. Not only domestic stations, but also foreign ones, which were being built according to USSR projects, were stopped.

List of Russian NPPs whose construction was suspended:

• Gorkovskaya AST (heating plant);
• Crimean;
• Voronezh AST.

List of Russian NPPs canceled at the design stage and preparatory earthworks:

• Arkhangelskaya;
• Volgograd;
• Far Eastern;
• Ivanovskaya AST (heating plant);
• Karelian NPP and Karelskaya-2 NPP;
• Krasnodar.

Abandoned nuclear power plants in Russia: reasons

The location of the construction site on a tectonic fault - this reason was indicated by official sources during the mothballing of the construction of Russian nuclear power plants. The map of seismically stressed territories of the country isolates the Crimea-Caucasus-Kopetdag zone, the Baikal rift, Altai-Sayan, Far Eastern and Amur zones.

From this point of view, the construction of the Crimean station (the readiness of the first block is 80%) was really started unreasonably. The real reason for the conservation of the remaining energy facilities as expensive was the unfavorable situation - the economic crisis in the USSR. During that period, many industrial facilities were mothballed (literally abandoned for plundering), despite the high readiness.

Rostov NPP: resumption of construction contrary to public opinion

The construction of the station was started back in 1981. And in 1990, under pressure from the active public, the regional council decided to shut down the construction site. The readiness of the first block at that time was already 95%, and the second - 47%.

Eight years later, in 1998, the original design was revised and the number of blocks reduced to two. In May 2000, construction was resumed, and already in May 2001, the first unit was connected to the power system. Construction of the second was resumed next year. The final start-up was postponed several times, and only in March 2010 it was connected to the power system of the Russian Federation.

Rostov NPP: 3 unit

In 2009, a decision was made to develop the Rostov nuclear power plant with the installation of four more units on the basis of VVER reactors.

Taking into account the current situation, the Rostov NPP should become the supplier of electricity to the Crimean peninsula. Unit 3 in December 2014 was connected to the power system of the Russian Federation with a minimum capacity so far. By mid-2015, it is planned to start its commercial operation (1011 MW), which should reduce the risk of shortages of electricity from Ukraine to Crimea.

Nuclear energy in the modern Russian Federation

By the beginning of 2015, all Russia (operating and under construction) are branches of the Rosenergoatom concern. The crisis phenomena in the industry with difficulties and losses were overcome. By the beginning of 2015, 10 nuclear power plants are operating in the Russian Federation, 5 ground-based and one floating station are under construction.

List of Russian NPPs operating at the beginning of 2015:

• Beloyarskaya (the beginning of operation - 1964).
• Novovoronezh NPP (1964).
• Kola NPP (1973).
• Leningradskaya (1973).
• Bilibinskaya (1974).
• Kurskaya (1976).
• Smolenskaya (1982).
• Kalinin NPP (1984).
• Balakovskaya (1985).
• Rostov (2001).

Russian NPPs under construction

• Baltic NPP, Neman, Kaliningrad region. Two units based on VVER-1200 reactors. Construction started in 2012. Start-up - in 2017, reaching the design capacity - in 2018.

It is planned that the Baltic NPP will export electricity to European countries: Sweden, Lithuania, Latvia. The sale of electricity in the Russian Federation will be carried out through the Lithuanian power system.

World Nuclear Energy: A Brief Overview

Almost all Russian nuclear power plants have been built in the European part of the country. The map of the planetary location of nuclear power plants shows the concentration of objects in the following four regions: Europe, the Far East (Japan, China, Korea), the Middle East, Central America. According to the IAEA, about 440 nuclear reactors were in operation in 2014.

Nuclear power plants are concentrated in the following countries:

• in the USA, nuclear power plants generate 836.63 billion kWh / year;
• in France - 439.73 billion kWh / year;
• in Japan - 263.83 billion kWh / year;
• in Russia - 160.04 billion kWh / year;
• in Korea - 142.94 billion kWh / year;
• in Germany - 140.53 billion kWh / year.

Nuclear energy is one of the most developing areas of the industry, which is dictated by the constant growth of electricity consumption. Many countries have their own sources of energy generation using the "peaceful atom".

Map of nuclear power plants of Russia (RF)

Russia is included in this number. The history of Russian nuclear power plants begins in the distant 1948, when the inventor of the Soviet atomic bomb I.V. Kurchatov initiated the design of the first nuclear power plant on the territory of the then Soviet Union. Nuclear power plants in Russia originate from the construction of the Obninsk nuclear power plant, which became not only the first in Russia, but the first nuclear power plant in the world.

Nowadays nuclear power plants in Russia includes 10 operating facilities that provide a capacity of 27 GW (GigWatt), which is approximately 18% of the country's energy balance. Modern development of technology makes it possible to make Russian nuclear power plants environmentally friendly facilities, despite the fact that the use of atomic energy is the most dangerous production from the point of view of industrial safety.

The map of nuclear power plants (NPPs) in Russia includes not only existing plants, but also those under construction, of which there are about 10 pieces. At the same time, those under construction include not only full-fledged nuclear power plants, but also promising developments in the form of creating a floating nuclear power plant, which is distinguished by its mobility.

The list of nuclear power plants in Russia is as follows:

The current state of the nuclear power industry in Russia allows us to speak about the presence of great potential, which in the foreseeable future can be realized in the creation and design of reactors of a new type, allowing to generate large amounts of energy at lower costs.